UJavier Marias

UJavier Marías, “Uphuhlise isimbo esingesosimo nje esisemthethweni kodwa indlela yokujonga umhlaba. Ukubhala kwakhe kucingwa ngokusebenza, kwaye abafundi bayamnceda ”. Eli binzana liyahambelana noWinston Manrique Sabogal (Ilizwe, 2012), ochaza umbhali "njengomnye wabanoveli baseYurophu abanobuchule". Ayothusi into yokuba umsebenzi wakhe upapashwe ngeelwimi ezingaphezu kwama-40.

Upapashe iinoveli ezilishumi elinesithandathu kunye neenguqulelo ezininzi, iihlelo kunye namanye amabali amafutshane. Ngokunjalo, uye wasebenzisana kwizincoko ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqaku ngamajelo eendaba kwilizwe nakwamanye amazwe. Ukususela ngo-2008, uhlala esitulweni weRoyal Spanish Academy. Iincwadi zakhe ziphakathi kwezona zibalaseleyo kwimbali yonke yaseSpain.

Iprofayile yebhayibhile

Ukuzalwa kunye nobuntwana

UJavier Marías Franco Wazalelwa eMadrid ngoSeptemba 20, 1951. Ungowesine kubantwana abahlanu bomtshato phakathi kwesithandi sobulumko - ilungu leRoyal Spanish Academy - uJulián Marías kunye nombhali uDolores Franco Manera. Utata wakhe, owayenguRiphabhlikhi, wayevaliwe ekusebenzeni kwiiyunivesithi zaseFrancoist ngokwala ukufunga kwiMigaqo yoMbutho weSizwe (1958).

Ngenxa yoko, lonke usapho lwafudukela eUnited States ukuqala ngo-1951. Apho, uJulián Marías wafundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseYale de kwaba sekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-50. Akuba ebuyele eSpain, uJavier oselula wafundiswa eColegio Estudio phantsi kwemigaqo yenkululeko eyayizuzwe kwi-Institución Libre de Enseñanza.

Imeko yosapho ikulungele kakhulu ukubhala

Kwangelo xesha, iKholeji yoFundo yagcina unxibelelwano olusondele kakhulu neBoston International Institute, apho uJulián Marías wayeqhele ukwenza intetho. Ukongeza, Ikhaya lesibini saseMarías Franco yayiliziko lemfundo ngokwalo. Ihlala igcwele ziincwadi kwaye zihlala zikhona nabafundi beekholeji bathatha izifundo zabucala.

Ke ngoko, ayimangalisi into yokuba imisebenzi yokuqala eveliswe nguJavier Marías ibuyela ebusheni bakhe. Ingangabi yindawo elungileyo kwimisebenzi yobukrelekrele ukuba umama waphumelela kumlo woonobumba ngebhaso elingaqhelekanga. Ukongeza, abantakwabo babonwa njengombhali-mbali wezemfundo kunye nobugcisa (uFernando), ugqirha kwezoqoqosho kunye nomgxeki wefilimu (Miguel), kunye nemvumi (Álvaro). Umalume wakhe ngumenzi wefilimu uJesús Franco.

Ilifa likayise

UPablo Núñez Díaz (UNED, 2005), wenza ngokufanelekileyo Impembelelo kaJulián Marías kunyana wakhe: “… ukuba akazange avume ukuqhutywa zizilogeni okanye iintshukumo zopolitiko ezazidlula zazinokuba nefuthe kwimfundo kaJavier. Ngokucacileyo, ilifa elo umbhali alifumana kuyise yayingelolokuziphatha kuphela okanye elepolitiki- elingazukuba lincinci - kodwa likwaquka ukuthanda iingcinga zentanda-bulumko, uncwadi kunye neelwimi ”.

Kwelinye icala, uCatalina Jiménez Correa (2017), ovela kwiYunivesithi yase-Autonomous yaseNtshona (Colombia), uhlalutya ukhokho katata kumanqaku kaJavier Marías. Ngokukodwa, ichaza: "Inani likayise, likhankanywe amaxesha angama-348 ngexesha leekholamu ezingama-238 ezafundwayo (phakathi kuka-2009 no-2013). Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, sisalathiso sokuziphatha kunye nokuqina kwengqondo kuMarías ”.

Entsha

UJavier Marías uzichaze njengenxalenye yesizukulwana esibizwa ngokuba ngama-70, esona sitsha. Ibandakanya iqela lezifundiswa elizalwe emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain, ethi, nangona yaqeqeshwa ngexesha lolawulo lukaFranco, yafumana imfundo efanayo engahambelaniyo nayo.

Ngokungafaniyo ne-rhetoric yokuzibophelela yamashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, entsha ayisebenzisi uncwadi njengesixhobo senguqu kwezopolitiko. Ngokunjalo, amalungu eli qela awakhathali kangako malunga nezixhobo zobugcisa bendabuko zokubhala kweSpanish. Ngokuchasene noko, bathambekele ekusebenziseni izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezivela kubabhali kwezinye iilwimi kunye nokudala ubuqhetseba, abalinganiswa ababhidekileyo, abagcwele amaqhinga.

Uhlalutyo lwemisebenzi yakhe

Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, owona msebenzi waziwayo kaJavier Marías ngumsebenzi wakhe wenoveli. Nangona kunjalo, inani elikhulu leenguqulelo, amabali amafutshane amabali kunye namanqaku eendaba apapashiweyo (kunye namabhaso afunyenweyo) ayinakujongwa. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yakhe engaphezulu kwama-40 yomsebenzi wobhalo, uMarías ubonakalisile ukuba angalawulwa ziiparameter zesiko laseSpain.

Ukuguqula umoya

Umqondiso wakhe wokuhlaziya uyabonakala kwinoveli yakhe yokuqala, Kwingingqi yengcuka (1971). Libali elinempembelelo ecacileyo ye-cinematic, esetiwe phakathi kwee-1920s kunye nee-1930 kunye ne-American protagonists. Kungekudala emva koko, olu phawu luqinisekisiweyo ngaphakathi Ukuwela ulwelo (Ngo-1972). Nangona i-anachronism engqindilili ibonakala kwincwadi yakhe yesibini, isengumbali oqhubekayo novulekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, uMarías akaphelanga wanelisekile yi "pasticho" yenoveli yakhe yesithathu, Inkosi yexesha (1978). Kungenxa yeso sizathu le nto wayikhupha kwakhona ngo-2003. Ngo-1983 kwakhishwa inoveli yakhe yesine, Inkulungwane, ephawulwa ngengxoxo yayo yezinto ezichaseneyo ezibonakaliswe ngababini bezahluko. Yayiyincwadi yakhe yokuqala apho ingxelo ichaza ezinye iindinyana phakathi komntu wokuqala nowesithathu.

Uhlobo lwakho

NgokukaSandra Navarro Gil (Ijenali yePhilology, 2004), kwi Indoda enomdla (1986) UMarías uphuhlisa abalinganiswa kunye nemixholo evela kwizihloko zangaphambili kubunzulu. Ukusuka kwesi sihloko, umbhali ozalelwe eMadrid ufeza "… indlela entsha yokuqonda uncwadi: umdlalo wokudlala weenoveli zakhe zokuqala unika indlela ekusebenziseni inoveli eqondwa njengokungenelela apho ingcinga, hayi intshintsho, iba kwibali eliphambili imathiriyeli ”.

Indoda enomdla kuba kukudityaniswa kwesitayile esibonakaliswe ngumbalisi obonakalisayo kumntu wokuqala, ukuxhaswa ngexesha ngezixhobo zemeta-fictional. Ukuvela kweenoveli zakhe zokuqala ezintathu ezilawulwa ngakumbi ngabalinganiswa abanobuqili kunye / okanye bemilodramatic, ngokuthe ngcembe zatshintshela kwimihlathi esondeleyo, eneenkcukacha kunye neyobukrelekrele.

Ukudityaniswa

Con Yonke imiphefumlo (1989), umbhali waseSpain uthatha inxaxheba enomdla ebhekisa kwinto ebubuxoki elayishwe ngokugqwesa ngokuphila kwakhe. Ke ukwaziswa kwe Intliziyo imhlophe kangako (1992) kunye Ngomso emfazweni cinga ngam (1994) zimele ezona mpumelelo zohlelo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngokunjalo, ii-XNUMXs lixesha lamabhaso amaninzi kaMarías, hayi iinoveli zakhe kuphela, kodwa kunye neenguqulelo zakhe, amanqaku kunye nezincoko.

Umnyama emva kwexesha (1998) yayisincoko senoveli esilawulwa yimibhali yakhe malunga nexesha elingenakuchazeka. Eli wonga landulela — mhlawumbi- umsebenzi wobugcisa kaJavier Marías, Ubuso bakho ngomso. Inoveli enamaphepha angaphezu kwe-1.500 ahanjiswe kwimiqulu emithathu: Fever nomkhonto (2002) Umdaniso namaphupha (2004) kunye Ihlobo kunye nomthunzi kunye nokuvalelisa (2007).

Ukuhlaziywa rhoqo kunye nokuhambelana

Emva kwempumelelo ebonakalayo ye Ubuso bakho ngomso UMarías waphinda waqulunqa kwakhona ngokwazisa umbalisi obhinqileyo kwi Utyando (2011). Yeyona ncwadi ithengwa kakhulu (ngaphezulu kwe-100.000 iikopi) kwaye ibulelwe ngokunzulu kwisikimu sayo somcuphi phakathi kweendlela zokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha. Nangona kunjalo, umsitho ongalibalekiyo onxulunyaniswa nale noveli liBhaso leSizwe lokuBalisa ngeSpanish, elaliwe ngumbhali.

Koku kwehla, uJavier Marías wathi (Okthobha ka-2012): “Ndihambelana noko bendisoloko ndithetha, ukuba andisokuze ndifumane imbasa yeziko. Ukuba i-PSOE ibisemandleni, ngeyenze okufanayo ... ndiwala wonke umvuzo ovela kwisipaji sikarhulumente. Khange nditsho kwizihlandlo ezimbalwa ukuba ukuba bendinokunikwa, ngekhe ndikwazi ukwamkela naliphi na ibhaso ”.

Gcwalisa uluhlu lweencwadi zakhe

• Kwingingqi yengcuka. Inoveli (Edhasa, 1971).
• Ukuwela ulwelo. Inoveli (La Gaya Ciencia, 1973).
• Inkosi yexesha. Inoveli (Alfaguara, 1978).
• Inkulungwane. Inoveli (Seix Barral, 1983).
• Indoda enomdla. Inoveli (Anagrama, 1986).
• Yonke imiphefumlo. Inoveli (Anagrama, 1989).
• Iimbali ezizodwa. Isincoko (Siruela, 1989).
• Ngelixa baleleyo. Ibali elifutshane (Anagrama, 1990).
• Intliziyo imhlophe kangako. Inoveli (Anagrama, 1992).
• Ubomi obubhaliweyo. Isincoko (Siruela, 1992).
• Ngomso emfazweni cinga ngam. Inoveli (Anagrama, 1994).
• Xa ndandifa. Ibali (Alfaguara, 1996).
• Indoda ebonakala ukuba ayifuni kwanto. Isincoko (Espasa, 1996).
• Ababukeli. Isincoko (Alfaguara, 1997).
• Ukuba ndivukile kwakhona nguWilliam Fauklner. Isincoko (Alfaguara, 1997).
• Umnyama emva kwexesha. Inoveli (Alfaguara, 1998).
• Umntu ongalunganga. Ibali (IPlaza kunye noJanés, 1998).
• Oko ndikubonile usweleka nguVladimir Nabokov. Isincoko (Alfaguara, 1999).
• Fever nomkhonto. Inoveli (Alfaguara, 2002).
• Umdaniso namaphupha. Inoveli (Alfaguara, 2004).
• Ihlobo kunye nomthunzi kunye nokuvalelisa. Inoveli (Alfaguara, 2007).
• Ubuso bakho ngomso. Ukudityaniswa kweenoveli zakhe ezintathu zangaphambili. (UAlfaguara, 2009).
• Utyando. Inoveli (Alfaguara, 2011).
• Yiza undifumane. Uncwadi lwabantwana (Alfaguara, 2011).
• Umntu ongalunganga. Iintsomi ezamkelekileyo nezamkelekileyo. Ibali (Alfaguara, 2012).
• Le ndlela iqala kakubi. Inoveli (Alfaguara, 2014).
• UDon Quixote kaWellesley. Amanqaku ekhosi ngo-1984. Isincoko (Alfaguara, 2016).
• UBerta Isla. Inoveli (Alfaguara, 2017).

Ukusebenzisana kweendaba

Uninzi lwamabali abaliswe kwizicatshulwa zebali ezinje nge Xa ndandifa (1996) okanye Umntu ongalunganga (1998) inemvelaphi yabo kumaphephandaba. Kwangokunjalo, uJavier Marías uvelise ngaphezulu kweshumi elinambini leencwadi zokudibanisa ezinomxholo kwintsebenzo yakhe yobuntatheli. Nazi ezinye ezimbalwa:

• Iminqweno edlulileyo (IAnagrama, 1991).
• Uncwadi kunye nesiporho (USiruela, 1993).
• Ubomi bomoya (UAguilar, 1995).
• Isendle kunye novakalelo. Iileta zebhola (UAguilar, 2000).
• Apho konke kwenzekile. Xa ushiya i-cinema (IGutenberg Galaxy, 2005).
• Iindlavini zesizwe. Iipolitiki kunye neeleta zoluntu (ILibros del Lince, 2010).
• Isifundo esidala. Iileta zolwimi (IGutenberg Galaxy, 2012).