UEdith Wharton

U-Edith Wharton uthathelwa ingqalelo ngabaninzi njengomnye wababhali beencwadi baseMelika. Umbhali uneenoveli ezingaphezu kwama-40, ibali ngobomi bakhe kunye namabali amafutshane kwityala lakhe; kwanezinye iincwadi zokubhalwa kwakhe zapapashwa Isidumbu. UWharton wayezinikele ikakhulu ekwenzeni iinoveli kunye namabali amafutshane, kodwa wabhala neencwadi kwezinye iindawo ezinje: ukuhombisa kunye nokuhamba.

Ubomi obuninzi bukaEdith Wharton wabuchitha eFrance, awabamkela njengekhaya lakhe lesibini. Ngesi sizathu, uninzi lweencwadi zakhe zibhalwe ngesiNgesi nangesiFrentshi. Ngomnyaka we-1921, umbhali wencwadi wapapasha incwadi yakhe: Ixesha lobumsulwa ngawo waphumelela Prize yePulitzer. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uWharton wayengowasetyhini wokuqala ogama lingu: Ugqirha honoris causa yiYunivesithi yaseYale.

U-Edith Wharton uBiografi

U-Edith Newbold Jones wazalwa ngoJanuwari 24, 1862, kwisiXeko saseNew York. Abazali bakhe: UGeorge Frederic Jones kunye noLucretia Stevens Rhinelander. Ngombulelo kwimeko yezentlalo nezoqoqosho kusapho lwakhe, u-Edith wayefundiswe ekhaya, eneetitshala ezigqwesileyo. Ukwengeza, Ngokusisigxina wayenakho ukufikelela kwilayibrari enkulu, awayeyisebenzisa kakhulu, kuba wayehlala ekuthanda ukufunda.

umshado

Ngo-1885, uEdith watshata noEdward Robbins Wharton, obu budlelwane babunesaqhwithi, ukuyichaphazela kwiinkalo ezininzi. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1913 - sele engama-28 ubudala-u-Edith wakwazi ukwahlukana no-Edward, emva kwexesha elide lokungonwabi kunye nokungathembeki okuninzi kwiqabane lakhe.

Uhambo

Enye yezinto ezazithandwa nguEdith yayihamba, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba wayeyenza nabazali bakhe oko wayeneminyaka emi-3 ubudala. Weza ukuwela iAtlantiki malunga namaxesha angama-66, kuba uhambo lwakhe kuyo yonke iYurophu lwalulolonke. Wayehamba amaxesha amaninzi kangangokuba wade waphila ixesha elide kwilizwekazi elidala kunakwilizwe lakhe. Ayimangalisi loo nto, kuba ubomi eNew York babubiza kakhulu.

Enjalo U-Edith ubalaselisa ngobomi bakhe iindawo ezintle awazaziyo kwihlabathi liphela. Phakathi kwezona ndawo zichaphazele kakhulu iCamino de Santiago kunye nePórtico de la Gloria yeCathedral yaseSantiago; wazithatha njengezona zimangalisayo kwaye zintle kuzo zonke.

Ubuhlobo obukhulu

Enye yezinto u-Edith Wharton aziwa ngayo bubuhlobo bakhe nabantu ababalulekileyo bexesha. Omnye wabo wayenjalo umbhali kunye nomgxeki wokubhala uHenry James, awathi wanikezela isahluko sonke kwimbali yakhe. Yena, ukongeza ekubeni ngumhlobo wakhe, wayengumcebisi wakhe. Abanye abahlobo bakaEdith yayingu: Theodotre Roosvelt, Jean Coteau, Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, no-Ernest Hemingway.

Wharton kunye nemfazwe yokuqala yehlabathi

Xa yayiqala la IMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, UEdith Wharton wayeseRue de Varenne, eParis. Into yokuqala ayenzileyo umbhali kukusebenzisa ifuthe lakhe kurhulumente wase-France ukumvumela ukuba ahambe ngesithuthuthu aye ngaphambili, ngenjongo yokuphatha izinto zonyango kunye nokusebenzisana kuyo nayiphi na into eyimfuneko.

Ngendlela efanayo, wafumana umhombiso woMnqamlezo weLegion of Honor ngurhulumente waseFrance, oku kubulela emsebenzini wakhe kwiRed Cross kunye nomsebenzi wakhe obalulekileyo kwezentlalo. Onke la mava afakwa ngumbhali omnye kumanqaku ahlukeneyo, zandula ke zangeniswa kwisincoko Ukulwa neFrance: Ukusuka eDunkerque ukuya eBelfort (1915).

Ukufa

U-Edith Wharton wasweleka eneminyaka eyi-75, ngo-Agasti 11, 1937 eSaint-Brice-sous-Forêt kumazwe aseParis. Ukufa kwakubangelwa yingozi yentliziyo. Ukuhlala kwakhe kuphumla kumhlaba ongcwele weGonards eVersailles.

Umsebenzi wokubhala kaEdith Wharton

Usiba lwalo mbhali ungummangaliso luvelise ingqokelela enkulu yemisebenzi, eneencwadi ezininzi, amabali, iinkuni zokuhamba kunye nemibongo. UWharton wayenesitayile esahlukileyo nesahlukileyo, esichazwa ziindlela zakhe zokuziphatha kunye nabantu abakumgangatho ophezulu wentlalo, nangona bevela apho. Umsebenzi wokuqala awamkelweyo ngawo Intlambo yesigqibo (Intlambo yeSigqibo, 1902).

1905 esidlangalaleni: Indlu yovuyo (Indlu Yovuyo), inoveli eyamenza ukuba afumane udumo. Waqala njalo ke uEdith Wharton ixesha elininzi ekwenzeni iincwadi ezilungileyo, ezinje: Isiqhamo soMthi (1907) UMam de Treymes (1907), uEthan Frome (1911), ukuya kuthi ga impumelelo yakhe enkulu ngo-1920: Ixesha lobumsulwa, awuphumeleleyo umvuzo Ipulitzer.

Ezinye zeencwadi ezilungileyo zikaEdith Wharton

Indlu yovuyo (1905)

Yincwadi yenoveli ebekwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX eNew York. Libali le ULily bart, umfazi ofundileyo, okrelekrele kwaye mhle kakhulu waseNew York, owayeyinkedama eneminyaka eli-19. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva akatshatanga kwaye usahlala nomakazi wakhe, ebemkhathalele ukusweleka kukanina. Eyona njongo iphambili kaLily kukuhlala kwindawo ephezulu, nokuba wenza izigqibo ezimbi ukwenza njalo.

Ekuhambeni kwakhe uthandana negqwetha elidumileyo u-Lawrence Selden, ongekho sisityebi kwaye yiyo loo nto engazange avume uthando kuye, nangona wayenembuyekezo. Ukufumana le nto ayifunayo kuya kuba nzima, esinye sezizathu kungenxa yegama elibi uBertha Dorset amakhela lona, ​​emva kokumtyhola ngokuba nolwalamano nomyeni wakhe. Yonke into iya kukhokelela uLily ukuba yedwa, elinde into engazange ifike.

Ixesha lobumsulwa (1920)

Njengoko bekutshiwo, esi sihloko samzuzela iPulitzer Prize. Le noveli libali lothando elisekwe kunxantathu wothando owenzeka eNew York, ngonyaka we-1870. Kuphuhliso sebali, ubuchwephesha kunye namasiko amiselweyo eeklasi zentlalo zexesha zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha. Abalinganiswa bakhe abaphambili nguNewland Archer - igqwetha-, intombi yakhe uMay Welland, kunye nomzala wakhe, u-Countess Olenska.

Umcibi Ungumnumzana ojolise kuye ongafuniyo ukuphinda iprofayile yamadoda akumgangatho ophindwe kabini ngelo xesha, abangakholwayo kunye nabahanahanisi. Unyanisekile kwimigaqo yakhe kwaye ugxeka amasiko oluntu oluphakamileyo.; Wayesoloko ebonisa intlonipho ngoMeyi, de kube ngumhla wokubuya kuka-Olenska, kwaye ubukho bakhe obulula benza le ndoda ukuba izithandabuze iimvakalelo zayo. Yile ndlela ibali eliza kuvela ngayo elichaphazela imiba ebuthathaka yelo xesha kwaye iya kuphela ngeenguqu ezingalindelekanga.

Ukujonga emva (1934)

Ngo-1934, uEdith Wharton wapapasha ngobomi bakhe. Emsebenzini uyaqonda ukuba waphila ngokupheleleyo ichaza ngokweenkcukacha ubuntwana bakhe, ulutsha kunye nokuba mdala (ngaphandle kokuba kunxulumene nomtshato wakhe). Umbhali ubalisa ngendlela ayenza ngayo yonke into awayeyithanda: ukufunda, ukubhala, ukuhamba kunye nomsebenzi wentlalo. Ukongeza, wabona ixabiso lokuhombisa ebomini bakhe.

Indawo yokubhala ebomini bukaWharton ithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kubomi bakhe. Ukuchazwa kwemisebenzi yabo kunye nenkuthazo ebakhokele ukuyila ichaziwe. Ukwengeza, uthetha ngamava akhe kwiWWI kunye nokusebenzisana kwakhe wanika abaninzi abasweleyo. Enye into ebalasele kwesi sihloko ngabahlobo abalungileyo nabalungileyo uEdith Wharton awayenabo ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, awathi wanikezela kuye indima ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi.


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