Itheko lebhokhwe

UMario Vargas Llosa.

UMario Vargas Llosa.

Itheko lebhokhwe (2000) yimbali yamabali abaliweyo ebhalwe ngumntu ophumeleleyo wasePeru kwiNobel Prize yoNcwadi, u-Mario Vargas Llosa. Eli yele lisekwe kwiirekhodi zembali ezinxulumene nokubulawa kukaRafael Trujillo, uzwilakhe waseDominican, nangona abalinganiswa bakhe abaninzi bengazange babekho.

nayo, ukwakhiwa kwakhona ngobuchule kweziganeko kujikeleze amabali amathathu anqamlezileyo. Eyokuqala igxile ku-Urania Cabral, ibhinqa eliselula elibuyela kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican ukuya kudibana noyise owayegula. Ukuphononongwa kwesibini ngeentsuku zokugqibela zobomi bukaTrujillo kwaye okwesithathu kugxile kubabulali buzwilakhe.

Sobre el autor

UJorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa wazalelwa eArequipa, ePeru. Weza emhlabeni ngoMatshi 28, 1936. Nguye kuphela umntwana womtshato phakathi kukaErnesto Vargas Maldonado kunye noDoña Llosa Ureta. U-Jorge Mario omncinci uchithe inxalenye yokuqala yobuntwana bakhe nosapho loomama eCochabamba, eBolivia, kuba abazali bakhe bahlukana phakathi kowe-1937 nowe-1947. Apho wafunda eColegio La Salle.

Emva kokuhlala ithutyana ePiura kunye nomama wakhe kunye notatomkhulu ongumama, umbhali wexesha elizayo wafudukela eLima emva koxolelwaniso lwabazali. Kunye noMnumzana u-Ernesto Vargas wayehlala enolwalamano olubi, njengoko utata wakhe wayenomsindo kwaye ebonisa ubutshaba kutyekelo loncwadi lonyana wakhe. Kwikomkhulu Peruvian wafunda kwiziko lobuKristu.

Imisebenzi yokuqala

Xa wayeneminyaka eli-14 ubudala, utata wakhe wambhalisa kwiLeoncio Prado Military Academy, isikolo esiqatha kakhulu esiya kuba sisiseko sombhali wexesha elizayo kwinoveli yakhe yokuqala, Isixeko kunye neenja (1963). Ngo-1952 waqala umsebenzi wakhe wobuntatheli kwiphephandaba Ezingapheliyo de Lima njengentatheli kunye nodliwanondlebe wasekhaya.

Ukupapashwa kwakhe okokuqala kwezobugcisa yayiyinto yomdlalo weqonga, Ukuhamba kwe-Inca (1952), eboniswe ePiura. Kweso sixeko wagqiba i-baccalaureate yakhe kwisikolo saseSan Miguel kwaye usebenze kwiphephandaba lasekuhlaleni Umzi mveliso. Ngo-1953 waqala izifundo zakhe zoMthetho noNcwadi kwiYunivesithi yaseSan Marcos eLima.

Umtshato wokuqala kwaye ufudukele eYurophu

Ngo-1955 watshata ngokufihlakeleyo u-anti-in-anti wakhe u-Julia Urquidi (eli hlazo lakhuthaza iziganeko ezichazwe kuyo Umakazi Julia noMbhali). Esi sibini siqhawule umtshato ngo-1964. Ngeli xesha, uVargas Llosa waseka- kunye no-Luis Loayza kunye no-Alberto Oquendo- de Iincwadana zokubhala (1956-57) kwaye ngo Imagazini yoncwadi (1958-59). Ngo-1959 waya eParis, apho wayesebenzela i-French Radio Television.

Kwakuloo nyaka, uVargas Llosa wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala, Abaphathi, ingqokelela yamabali. Kamva, nge Isixeko kunye neenja (1963) umbhali wasePeruvia wajoyina i "boom" enkulu yoonobumba besiLatin American Kunye "namagorha" uGarcía Márquez, uJuan Rulfo, uCarlos Fuentes, uJorge Luis Borges, uJulio Cortázar, u-Ernesto Sábato kunye noMario Benedetti.

Ukungcwaliswa

Impumelelo ivumelekile UMario Vargas Llosa Ukushiya ngasemva kwexesha lesidingo semali, ke ngoko, wakwazi ukuzinikela ngokupheleleyo ekubhaleni. SWatshata ngo-1965 kunye nomtshana womfazi wakhe wokuqala, uPatricia Urquidi, owayenabantwana abathathu: Vlvaro (1966), Gonzalo (1967) kunye noMorgana (1974). Ngo-1967 wafudukela eLondon, apho wayesebenza khona njengomfundisi-ntsapho eQueens Mary College.

Ngexesha leminyaka elandelayo wayehlala ixesha eWashington kwaye kamva ePuerto Rico. Ngo-1971 wafumana isidanga sobugqirha kwiFilosofi kunye neeleta kwiComplutense University yaseMadrid. Ithisisi yakho yobugqirha, UGarcía Márquez, ibali lokubulala (1971), ibonisa inxenye yomsebenzi wobugcisa kaVargas Llosa njengomgxeki wezoncwadi.

Ingcinga yezopolitiko

Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, u-Mario Vargas Llosa wabonisa umahluko omkhulu kwindlela acinga ngayo kwezopolitiko. Ngexesha lobutsha bakhe wayengumxhasi wendlela yobuKrestu egcinayo kwaye wayechasene nabuphi na ubuzwilakhe. Ngexesha lama-60s wayenolwalamano olukhulu ngokubhekisele kwiCuban Revolution kaChe Guevara noFidel Castro.

Ngo-1971, into ebizwa ngokuba yi "Padilla case" yavelisa ikhefu lobukhomanisi. Kakade nge-70s wayethambekele ngakumbi kwinkululeko yokumodareyitha kwaye waba lilungu lobongameli bePeru. Woyiswa ngu-Alberto Fujimori kunyulo luka-1990.

Umsebenzi wakhe ngamanani

Ngo-1993, uVargas Llosa wafunga iflegi yaseSpain. Emva konyaka wamkelwa kwiRoyal Spanish Academy. Kude kube ngumhla, Umsebenzi wakhe ubandakanya iinoveli ezili-19, iincwadi zamabali ezi-4, imibongo emi-6, izincoko ezili-12 zoncwadi kunye neziqwenga ezili-10 zemidlalo yeqonga, phakathi kolunye upapasho lweendaba.amaxwebhu, iinguqulelo, udliwanondlebe, iintetho kunye neememo.

Olona luqwalaselo lubalulekileyo kunye namabhaso

Inqaku elahlukileyo linokucaciswa kuphela kwimisebenzi ehonjisiweyo eLatin America nguMario Vargas Llosa. Nangona, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ziye zaba zezi zilandelayo:

  • IPrince Asturias Award ngoNcwadi (1986).
  • Imbasa yeMiguel de Cervantes (1994).
  • Ibhaso likaNobel kuLwazi (2010).
  • Ugqirha isizathu esihloniphekileyo:
    • IYunivesithi yesiHebhere yaseYerusalem. I-Israel (1990).
    • IQueens Mary College yeDyunivesithi yaseLondon. Iunited Kingdom (1990).
    • Ikholeji yaseConnecticut. IUnited States (1990).
    • IYunivesithi yaseBoston. IUnited States (1990).
    • KwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard. IUnited States (1999).
    • USodolophu wase-Universidad de San Marcos. IPeru (2001).
    • UPedro Ruiz Gallo kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe. IPeru (2002).
    • IYunivesithi yaseSimon Bolivar. IVenezuela (2008).
    • KwiYunivesithi yaseTokyo. IJapan (2011).
    • KwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. Iunited Kingdom (2013).
    • KwiYunivesithi yaseBurgos. ISpain (2015).
    • IYunivesithi yaseDiego Portales. I-Chile (2016).
    • IYunivesithi yaseLima. IPeru (2016).
    • IYunivesithi kaZwelonke yaseSan Agustín de Arequipa. IPeru (2016).

Uhlalutyo Itheko lebhokhwe

Itheko lebhokhwe.

Itheko lebhokhwe.

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Akukho mveliso ifunyenweyo

Umxholo

Ngokusemthethweni, uRafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina wayenguzwilakhe kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican phakathi kowe-1930 ukuya kowe-1938 nowe-1942 ukuya kowe-1952. UTrujillo wabamba amandla ombane phantse iminyaka engama-31 (de kwaba kukubulawa kwakhe ngo-1961). Kule meko, kukho isafobe esifana nengoma ye-merengue ethi "Babulala ibhokhwe", ekhankanywe nguVargas Llosa ekuqaleni kwale ncwadi. Kungoko isihloko sencwadi.

Iimpawu

Ukungaziphathi kakuhle ngokwesondo

Kuyo yonke le ncwadi, uTrujillo ubonakalisa isimilo esingalawulekiyo malunga nomzimba kunye namasiko akhe emihla ngemihla (ucoceko lomntu, iyunifomu, uhambo oluchanekileyo)… Ngendlela efanayo, ukuqinisekisa isikhundla sakhe esongamileyo, umongameli wayeqhele ukuthatha abafazi nezalamane zamalungu orhulumente wakhe.

Ke ngoko, xa i-autocrat iqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokungakwazi ukuzibamba kunye nokungabi namandla ngokwesini, uyibona le meko njengokumenza buthathaka umntu kunye nolawulo lwakhe. Ngaphezulu, Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwakhe kwenza ukuba angaziqondi (umsindisi welizwe "ongowesilisa").

Ukuthula cwaka

Umlingiswa ka-Augusto Cabral akakwazi ukuphendula imibuzo ephakanyiswe yintombi yakhe. Oku kushiywa kubonisa ubunzima obungafunekiyo bamaqela esithathu ukuhlanganisa nabuphi na ubuzwilakhe. Ke, UDon Augusto akanakuthethelela inkohlakalo kaTrujillo okanye ukungabikho kobulungisa, ngaphambi nasemva kokubhubha kukazwilakhe.

Ikhaya losapho lakwaCabral

Ikhaya losapho lakwaCabral libonisa ukubola kwelizwe elaliqaqambile elachithwa ngamashumi eminyaka olawulo-magunya. Leyo ndlu isithunzi sendawo ehlala eUrania ebuntwaneni bakhe, yindawo ebuthathaka njengempilo yomniniyo.

I-Urania Cabral

I-Urania imele ilizwe lonke linomsindo iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nguTrujillo. Yena, owayenebhongo lokugcina ubunyulu bakhe phambi kosapho lwakhe, wanikelwa nguyise kuzwilakhe njengendlela yokubonisa ukunyaniseka kwakhe. Ngaphandle kokubandezeleka okukhoyo, ekugqibeleni kwebali u-Urania uthathe isigqibo sokuphinda akhe ubudlelwane kunye nosapho. Nto leyo, efuzisela ithemba loxolelwaniso lelizwe.

Oodade bakaMirabal

Aba dade ababonakali ngqo kwingxelo, kodwa bamele amandla oxhathiso lwabasetyhini kwi-demotism. Baye baba ngabafeli-nkolo emva kokubulawa ngurhulumente ngenxa yendima yabo njengeenkokheli zabafundi. Ngesi sizathu, bakhunjulwa njengamaqhawekazi ngabanduleli bebali elaphela ngokusweleka kukaTrujillo.

Ukuphikisana

UVargas Llosa uchaza iimpikiswano ezinkulu ezikhoyo kwilizwe elonakeleyo, apho abezopolitiko bayo banokwenza nantoni na ukuze baphile. Oku kuyabonakala xa kubaliswa ingqumbo ehlupheke ngu-Urania Cabral. Ngubani owathembisa ukuhlala eyintombi ukuba uTrujillo uxolele utata wakhe, kodwa utata wakhe wagqiba kwelokuba amnikele kuzwilakhe ukuze afumane uxolelo.

Ngokufanayo, UJoaquín Balaguer - owaziwa njengo "Mongameli woonopopi" - wakwazi ukubaleka engohlwaywa emva kokubhubha kozwilakhe. (nangona wayenxulumene ngokusondeleyo nolawulo). Ngapha koko, uBalaguer wayengoyena mntu uphambili kulawulo losapho lukaTrujillo kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho kwidemokhrasi.

Iploti

Caphushwa nguMario Vargas Llosa.

Caphushwa nguMario Vargas Llosa.

Ukwenza ukubulawa kukaTrujillo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamalungu amaninzi karhulumente kwakuyimfuneko. Ngapha koko, nkqu namagosa aphezulu olawulo ayefuna ukuwa nguzwilakhe. Ewe, akukho mntu wayefuna ukwandisa i-paranoia ekhoyo kunye nobunqolobi baseburhulumenteni obasekwa ngeenkonzo eziyimfihlo ezazilawula ukucinezela naliphi na iyelenqe.

Ezinye izikweko

  • "Kwakunyanzelekile ukuba kupheliswe umntu lowo yonke imisonto yaloo webhu emnyama yahlangana" (iphepha 174).
  • "ITrujillismo yindlu yamakhadi" (iphepha 188).
  • "Yiyo ke leyo ipolitiki, ukwenza indlela yakho ngezidumbu" (iphepha 263).

Izimvo, shiya eyakho

Shiya uluvo lwakho

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  1. Uxanduva lwedatha: UMiguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Injongo yedatha: Ulawulo lwe-SPAM, ulawulo lwezimvo.
  3. Umthetho: Imvume yakho
  4. Unxibelelwano lwedatha: Idatha ayizukuhanjiswa kubantu besithathu ngaphandle koxanduva lomthetho.
  5. Ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha
  6. Amalungelo: Ngalo naliphi na ixesha unganciphisa, uphinde uphinde ucime ulwazi lwakho.

  1.   UGustavo Woltmann sitsho

    Ndifundile imisebenzi emininzi kaVargas Llosa, ngumbhali omangalisayo, amabali akhe ayathandeka. Khange ndibenalo uvuyo lokufunda iFiesta del Chivo, kodwa ndiyayenza, kwaye ndineli nqaku engqondweni ndicinga ukuba ndiza kuthanda ukwenza njalo.
    -Gustavo Woltmann.