Isizukulwana se-98

Ngokuqinisekileyo uyakhumbula ukusuka kwiminyaka yakho esikolweni kunye / okanye kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo ukuba wafunda isiGaba sama-98 kwiklasi yoLwimi noNcwadi. Mhlawumbi kunokwenzeka nokuba, ngoku unabantwana, kuya kufuneka uphinde uyifunde nabo ukuze bakwazi ukuyifunda. Ukuba kunjalo, emva koko uze kwindawo elungileyo kuba siza kukuxelela ngayo.

Kwaye ukuba akunjalo, kuhlala kulungile ukukhumbula inxenye yembali yaseSpain, ngakumbi icandelo lokubhala, kuba ababhali ababe yinxalenye yesiZukulwana sama-98 babebaluleke kakhulu ngexesha labo kwaye banefuthe, hayi eSpain kuphela , kodwa kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi. Hlala kwaye wazi ngakumbi ngazo.

Yavela njani iGenesis ka '98

Isizukulwane sika '98 ligama leqela lababhali abahlangana ngexesha ngenjongo yokujongana nemeko ababejamelana nayo bonke, ebonakaliswa kukungaziphathi kakuhle, kwezentlalo, kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho eSpain, Iziphumo zokuphulukana neCuba, iPuerto Rico kunye neePhilippines.

Sithetha ngokukodwa ngonyaka we-1898, Ngexesha apho, ngenxa yokwehla kobukhosi baseSpain kunye nokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano esaphulukana namathanga aliqela aseSpain-America, uluntu lwangena kwimeko yokungakhululeki kunye nengqumbo, ababhali abaninzi abayibeka elubala kwimisebenzi yabo. .

Ekuqaleni, iqela lalikho yenziwe kuphela ngababhali abathathu: uPío Baroja, uAzorín noRamiro de Maeztu, Yaziwa njenge "Abathathu", isiteketiso abasayina ngalo amanqaku apapashwe kumajelo eendaba ngelo xesha. Kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe bonyuka ngenani, bongeza ababhali abaninzi, ukuya kuthi ga kubuntu obungaphaya kwama-20 kuncwadi lwelo xesha: Ángel Ganivet, Miguel de Unamuno, Enrique de Mesa, Antonio and Manuel Machado, Ricardo Baroja, Ramón María del Valle -Inclán, uGabriel y Galán, uManuel Gómez Moreno, uMiguel Asín Palacios, uFrancisco Villaespesa, uRamón Menéndez Pidal, uJacinto Benavente, uCarlos Arniches, uJoaquín noSerafín Álvarez Quintero.

Isizukulwana '98 seempawu

Aba babhali, becatshukiswa yile nto yenzekileyo, baqala "iphulo" loqhanqalazo lwentlalo olubonakaliswa luthotho lweemeko ezilawula imibhalo yabo. Zezi:

Ukuqhayisa iSpain

Ukumkhusela nokubonakalisa uthando kuye. Ke ngoko, yabo "ilizwe lakowabo" kunye nomongo welizwe zibalulekile. Kubo, isidingo sohlaziyo, hayi kuphela kwezentlalo, kwezopolitiko, kodwa nakwizobugcisa yinto ephambili.

Bayabalahla oohlohlesakhe

Ukuthatha ukuba olu didi lwentlalo lunye kuphela Ukoyiswa kunye nokungaphumeleli koluntu ayisebenzisi ukulunga okuqhelekileyo (kwaye kuncinci eSpain).

Zibaluleke kakhulu

Kwimeko yezopolitiko kunye nemigaqo yezentlalo elawula ilizwe, ngamanye amaxesha iyabaphikisa, ngakumbi ukuba loo mikhwa iyangqubana neenqobo zakhe zokuthanda ilizwe okanye uthando lwaseSpain.

Benze iindlela ezintsha zoncwadi

Ukulandela ukuyalelwa kwabo, apho uncwadi lukwafuna "utshintsho," beyiyo oovulindlela ekuhambiseni uncwadi olutsha, njengomzekelo ubudenge, isebe lemidlalo yeqonga; okanye inoveli yeempembelelo.

Ukukunika umzekelo, uAzorín mhlawumbi wayengomnye wababhali bokuqala bexesha eSpain ogqibe kwelokuba abalinganiswa bakhe mababuyele ngexesha, xa oko kwakungacingeki.

Baye bagqiba kwelokuba basondeze uncwadi ngakumbi kubafundi, ukuze luqondakale ngakumbi, ke baqala ukusebenzisa amabinzana alula, ngolwimi olucokisekileyo kodwa beqondwa ngumntu wonke. Mfutshane; ngesivakalisi samagama nje ambalwa baye bakwazi ukuhambisa iqela lezimvo zabo okanye benze abantu bacamngce ngezinto abasandula ukuzifunda.

Ababhali abaphambili besizukulwane sika '98

Njengoko sibonile ngaphambili, i-Generation ka -98 yayingengombandela wababhali abathathu kuphela. Zininzi ezinye kwaye kufanelekile ukuba zinike amagqabantshintshi kubabhali abaziintloko, ngokuqala ngeqela 'labaBathathu'.

IPio Baroja

UBaroja, ekunye naba babhali babini balandelayo, wayengomnye weentsika zesiZukulwana sika '98. Ngelo xesha, imisebenzi yakhe yayichukunyiswe ziimpawu zentshukumo, apho ukungabi nathemba nokungazinzi kwakukhona kwimibhalo yakhe.

Kule meko, U-Baroja wasebenzisa uburharha bakhe obunzulu kunye nokuhlekisa ukuthetha ngobunyani beSpain, kodwa kwangaxeshanye wayezama ukuba abafundi bavuke kwaye babone ukuba eyona nto ilungileyo elizweni yayikukuzihlaziya ngokutsha, ukutshintsha ukuze ubenayo.

Kuya kufuneka kuthiwe ngoPío Baroja ukuba wayengumntu ongenathemba kwaye onomsindo. Mhlawumbi oyena mntu "uqhushululu" kwiqela lonke ukusukela oko wayengavisisani kwaye engomnye wabokuqala ukumiselwa ukuba "aqatshelwe".

Azorin

Kwimeko ka-Azorín, okanye igama lakhe lokwenyani, nguJosé Martínez Ruiz ukufikelela kupapasho ngenxa yobume bakhe njengentatheli. Ngesi sizathu, ngokuba "phambili" kolwazi, wakwazi ukubona iingxaki kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho ezithe zenzeka ngenxa yokulahleka kwamathanga eSpain, kunye notshintsho ekufuneka luziswe kweli lizwe ukuze inokuphinda ihlaziye kwaye ivele kwakhona.

Kwimeko yeAzorín, uchasene ngokupheleleyo noPio Baroja. Ngengqondo yokuba wayezolile kwaye ejonge, ebuthathaka kakhulu kwaye sikwazi ukuqonda neenkcukacha ezincinci ezazibekwe phambi kwakhe.

Ngesi sizathu, ukuthanda kwakhe iSpeyin, imihlaba, ukudlula kunye nokuhamba kwexesha kubonakalisa wonke umsebenzi wakhe.

URamiro de Maeztu kwisizukulwana se -98

UMaeztu, ukongeza ekubeni ngumbhali, wayeyintatheli. Ngombulelo kubuchwephesha bakhe, wayenamajelo eendaba ngakumbi kwaye wakwazi ukupapasha amanqaku amaninzi anxulumene nokukhusela ilizwe lakowabo (iSpain) kunye nexabiso leSpanishi, ezama ukufumana abantu abaninzi ukuba babone ilizwe lakhe.

Nangona ekuqaleni bekunjalo engxamisekileyo kwaye engxamile, ngokuhamba kwexesha imibhalo yakhe yayigcina indalo, ihlala ikumthambo ofanayo, kodwa ngomyalezo okhangayo ngakumbi.

UMiguel de Unamuno

U-Unamuno wajoyina i-Generation ye-98 kungekudala emva kokuba yenziwe emva kokuba wabelana ngendlela yakhe yokucinga nabanye ababhali kwaye wayibonisa kwimisebenzi yakhe, apho kubonakala khona iimpawu ezifanayo kweli qela.

Ukuya kuMiguel de Unamuno waziwa njengohlobo "lweenkokeli" zeqela ngenxa yaloo moya wokulwa kunye nemvukelo owawusithi, nditsho nakwiminyaka yobudala, wayeyazi indlela yokugcina efanelekileyo. Kuye, zombini iSpain kunye nobomi bomntu zazizezona zinto zibalulekileyo emhlabeni, kwaye wazama ukuphembelela nabani na ofuna ukummamela okanye ukumfunda.