Ingoma

UFederico García Lorca.

UFederico García Lorca.

Ingoma yintetho ebhaliweyo yeemvakalelo. Ligama elibanzi, ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukulichaza ngokwembono esetyenzisiweyo ukucanda imida yalo. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukubaluleka kwayo kubaluleke gqitha. Kungenxa yokuba ibisoloko isetyenziswa ngababhali bamaxesha onke ukuchaza iimvakalelo, iimvakalelo neembono ezinzulu ehlabathini ngemibandela emininzi.

Kwangokunjalo, iziqwenga zomculo ziye zabhalwa phantse kuzo zonke iilwimi zaseNtshona. Ngokwesiqhelo, yenaI-lyric ihlukaniswe ngamaqela angama-subgenres, ahlulwe kwiibhloko ezimbini. Ngokufanelekileyo, iintlobo eziphambili: ingoma, iculo, i-ode, i-elegy, i-eclogue, kunye ne-satire; kunye neentlobo ezincinci: i-madrigal kunye ne-letrilla.

Imvelaphi

Ingoma yenye yeendlela ezisisiseko soncwadi kwindalo iphela. Ngaphambi komdlalo weqonga kunye nokubalisa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvela kwegama okwangoku elinika intsingiselo ngekhe kuqale ukusetyenziswa kude kube ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe Imibongo kunye nokwahluka kwayo okwahlukileyo.

Lithatha igama lalo kwihadi. Kuba ukusuka eGrisi yakudala kude kube kukuwa koBukhosi baseRoma, Imisebenzi yesihobe yayiziingoma ezaziqhagamshelene ngokusondeleyo nesi sixhobo somculo. Iivesi- bekukho negumbi leprozi, kodwa oku ibingeyonto iqhelekileyo- yayenzelwe ukuba iculwe okanye icengcelezwe.

Evolution kunye nophuhliso lyric

I-lyre kunye nemibongo eyahlulahlula iindlela zabo. Ngokulandelanayo, iprozi yaphuhliswa kude kubungqongqo obumiselweyo ngokuhambelana kunye nesingqisho sezivumelanisi. Ukongeza, i-minstrel troubadours yanikwa inkululeko engakumbi yokuguqula uhlobo olo.

Ngotshintsho olwenzekileyo ngokufika kwe-Renaissance, ikhefu labonakala. Ngapha koko, eli xesha limela utshintsho. Ukusukela ngoko, iikhonsepthi ezimbini ezizimeleyo ziye zaphathwa, nangona zinxulumene ngokungenakulungiseka: imibongo yeengoma kunye nengoma emnandi.

Kwingcinga edibeneyo

Kwicandelo elibalulekileyo labemi, Ukuthetha ngengoma namhlanje kunqunyelwe kuphela kwingcamango yokuvuma. Kwangokunjalo, ukwahlulahlula (kwaye akusoloko kuchanekile) ukwahlulwa kwenziwa phakathi kwe "tenors kunye ne sopranos". Oko kukuthi, okwangoku bonke abo "bacula ingoma" bacwangcisiwe. Nokuba irejista yelizwi yahlukile kulaba baculi bomculo sele bekhankanyiwe kwaye sele bedumile.

ULyricism

Njengombono, lyricism nokuba kamva; "ukuqala" kwayo okusemthethweni kubhalwe ngonyaka we-1829. Kwavela kwileta evela kuAlfred Victor de Vigny, imbongi edumileyo yaseFrance, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga kunye nombhali wenoveli. Ngokombono wakhe, "eyona ngoma ibalaseleyo" yayimiselwe ukuba ilingane nentlekele yanamhlanje.

Iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngenxa yobubanzi bengcinga, ukuseka iimpawu ngokubanzi ze-lyric kunokuqwalaselwa njengesenzo esingenasiphelo. Nangona kunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukwenza iseti yeempawu eziqhelekileyo. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uninzi lwazo lusabela ikakhulu kwizimvo "zesintu".

Ukuzithoba ngokupheleleyo

UJosé de Espronceda.

UJosé de Espronceda.

Ukuba ukungangqinelani sele kungumbono ongaqondakaliyo-nokuba ungowemvelo ngaphakathi kolunye uhlobo loncwadi- kwincwadi yeengoma ehanjiswa ngokupheleleyo. Umbhali unoxanduva kunye nelungelo lokuveza ngokukhululekileyo iimvakalelo zakhe kunye neemvakalelo malunga neziganeko ezithile okanye izizathu.

Akukho sakhelo

Ewe kukho abalinganiswa; kukho ophambili ("ombambazelayo into"); ezinye iinyani zichaziwe. Kwingoma, ubume be "iyelenqe" abunasiqinisekiso, nto leyo ibalulekileyo kwingxelo nakwimidlalo yeqonga. Nakwezinye izincoko uphuhliso oluthile "lwengxelo" lunokusetyenziswa-ngendlela ethandabuzekayo, ngababhali kunye nabafundi.

Kule nqaku, Ezinye zezinto eziphikisanayo ziboniswa xa kuhlalutywa imibongo yeengoma ngokwahlukeneyo nokucula okunesingqi. Isizathu? Ewe, i-opera (eyona nto iphambili xa kuthethwa "ngeengoma zomculo") ifuna "ukwakhiwa okumangalisayo". Ngenxa yoko, awungekhe unikezele ngesiqwenga "seklasikhi".

Kwiimbongi, ixesha elincinci

Ngaphandle kokungabikho, isihobe esineengoma luncwadi olufutshane, olunemigca embalwa. Xa ibanzi kakhulu, inikwe umda kumagqabi ambalwa. Le meko ngokuyinxenye ibangelwa yimvelaphi yayo, kuba abo babecula kwaye befunda kwakufuneka bafunde imibongo ngentloko. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kutshintshe nakufika umatshini wokushicilela.

Ukuphuculwa kweelwimi

Ubuhle bekusoloko lixabiso elibaluleke kakhulu kwiimbongi. Ke ngoko, yenaUkhetho lwamagama alwenzelwanga kuphela ngenxa yokukhangela isingqisho. Kukwakho nomdla wokuhambisa iimvakalelo ngemifanekiso, ephunyezwa ikakhulu kukusetyenziswa kwamanani anjengezafobe.

kunjalo, kude kube ngamaXesha Aphakathi oku kucokiswa kweelwimi akunakubekwa ngaphezulu kwesingqi kunye noncuthu lwengoma. Isingqisho, ngaphandle kwesingqisho, yayizixhobo ezisisiseko zokufezekisa umculo onqwenelekayo. Olu phawu luqhutyelwe phambili de uninzi lweengoma ezikhoyo ngoku.

Ingxelo yesiqu sakho

Kwingoma, i intetho ehambelana neminqweno yombhali. Ukulungiselela le njongo, lUninzi lwazo lubhalwe ngokokuqala ngqa. Nangona abanye ababhali bebhenela kumntu wesithathu, kuphela njengesixhobo semibongo. Ke ngoko, oko akuthethi ukuba nanini na ukurhoxiswa kwezimvo zakho.

Isimo sengqondo seengoma

Isimo sengqondo seengoma yinto ebalulekileyo xa usakha ezi ziqwenga zobugcisa. Ngokuyinxenye, isishwankathela imeko yengqondo yombhali xa ejongene nendalo yakhe, kwaye ikakhulu, into eneengoma. Ngokusisiseko ungayenza ngeendlela ezimbini ezichaseneyo nezikhethekileyo: kunye nethemba okanye ithemba. Ukongeza, isimo sengqondo se-lyric sahlulwe ngeendlela ezintathu:

Isimo sengqondo sokwazisa

Isithethi esineengoma (umbhali) sibonisa ingxelo yeziganeko ezenzeka okanye ezenzeke kwinto yeengoma okanye ngokwakhe. Ngokucacileyo okanye phakathi kwemigca, umbalisi uzama ukubonisa iziganeko ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Isimo sengqondo sesibheno

Ikwabizwa ngokuba sisimo sengqondo sokukrexeza. Kule meko, Imbongi ibuza omnye umntu onokuba ngumfanekiso omelwe yiloo ngoma okanye ngumfundi. Injongo kukuseka incoko, nokuba iimpendulo zivelisiwe okanye hayi.

Isimo sokuchaza

Ngaphandle kweefilitha, umbhali uvulela kwihlabathi ngendlela enyanisekileyo; isithethi sibonakalisa iingxoxo kunye naye, sinika izimvo zakhe kunye nezigqibo. Ngamanye amaxesha oko kuthetha ubudlelane phakathi kwesithethi kunye nengoma.

Imizekelo yeengoma

"Sonnet XVII", Garcilaso de la Vega 

Ndicinga ukuba indlela ihamba ngqo
Ndize kuma ngelishwa elinje,
Andikwazi ukucinga, nokuba ndihlanya,
into eyonelisekileyo okwexeshana.

Intsimi ebanzi ibonakala imxinwa kum,
ubusuku obucacileyo kum bumnyama;
inkampani emnandi, ekrakra nenzima,
kunye nebala lomlo onzima ibhedi.

Ephupheni, ukuba kukho nayiphi na, loo nxalenye
yedwa, ongumfanekiselo wokufa,
uhambelana nomphefumlo odiniweyo.

Ngapha koko, njengoko ndifuna ubugcisa,
ukuba ndigweba ngeyure engaphantsi,
nangona kuye ndizibonile, lowo udlulileyo.

"Uhambo oluchanekileyo", uJuan Ramón Jiménez

UJuan Ramón Jiménez.

UJuan Ramón Jiménez.

Kwaye ndiza kuhamba. Kwaye iintaka ziya kuhlala, zivuma;
Umyezo wam uya kuhlala kunye nomthi wawo oluhlaza,
kunye nequla layo elimhlophe.

Rhoqo emva kwemini isibhakabhaka siya kuba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwaye sizolile;
kwaye baya kudlala, ngale mvakwemini badlala,
iintsimbi zebelfry.

Abo bandithandayo baya kufa;
isixeko eso siba sitsha minyaka le;
nakwikona yegadi yam eneentyatyambo ezimhlophe,
Umoya wam uya kuzulazula, ulangazelelo.

Kwaye ndiza kuhamba; Kwaye ndiya kuhlala ndedwa, ndingenakhaya, ndingenathemba
luhlaza, akukho qula limhlophe,
akukho bhakabhaka luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ...
Kwaye iintaka ziya kuhlala, zicula.

"I-Octava yokwenene", UJosé de Espronceda

Isibhengezo siyabona ukuba eCeriñola
omkhulu uGonzalo ubonakalisile,
iSpanish esihle nesibalaseleyo sifundisa
eyayilawula amaIndiya nolwandle lweAtlantean;
Ibhanari yaseburhulumenteni egungqa emoyeni,
Isipho seCRISTINA, ufundisa ngokuqaqambileyo,
simbone sinako kumlo osondeleyo
ikrazukile ewe, kodwa ayisoze yoyiswe.

"Emva kokuphuma ejele", uFray Luis de León

Nanku umona nobuxoki
bebendivalele.
Usikelelekile umoya othobekileyo
yesilumko eshiya umhlala-phantsi
Kweli hlabathi lingendawo,
kunye netafile ehlwempuzekileyo kunye nendlu,
kwintsimi eyonwabisayo
nguThixo kuphela onenceba,
ubomi bakhe budlula bodwa,
bengenamona okanye babenomona.

Isiqwenga "seGazi elachitheka", uFederico García Lorca

Andifuni kuyibona!

Xelela inyanga ukuba ize
Andifuni kubona igazi
Ignacio entlabathini.

Andifuni kuyibona!

Inyanga ububanzi.
Ihashe lamafu azolileyo,
kwaye isikwere esingwevu sephupha
ngemingcunube kwimiqobo. (…)


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