UJulio Cortázar wayengumbhali owaziwayo waseArgentina owaphuma phandle kwiqonga lehlabathi loncwadi ngokubaluleka kwezicatshulwa zakhe. Imvelaphi yakhe yamkhokelela ekubeni avelise imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yemibongo, iinoveli, amabali amafutshane, iprozi emfutshane kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo. Okwexeshana, umsebenzi wakhe waqhekeka kunye neeparadigms; wahamba ngenkululeko epheleleyo kunye nokulawula phakathi kwe-surrealism kunye nenyani yomlingo.
Kumsebenzi wakhe omde, Cortazar wakha ingqokelela eyomeleleyo yeencwadi ezahlukahlukeneyo nezinentsingiselo. Hayi ngelize ithathwa njengomnye wababhali abaphambili be isiganeko soncwadi eyaziwa ngokuba yi "latin american boom”. Kwakhona uye wasebenza njengetoliki ephawulekayo kwi-Unesco nakwezinye iindawo zokushicilela. Kulo msebenzi wokugqibela, imisebenzi yakhe kwimisebenzi ka: Edgar Allan Poe, Daniel Defoe, André Gide, Marguerite Yourcenar kunye noCarol Dunlop bavelele.
Umsebenzi wezibongo nguJulio Cortázar
Ubukho (1938)
Umbhalo wapapashwa ngo-1938 phantsi kwegama elinguJulio Denis. Luhlelo olulinganiselweyo olunikezelwa nguMhleli we-El Bibliófilo. Kuphela kwaprintwa iikopi ezingama-250, ezineesonethi ezingama-43. Kule mibongo kwakugquba umculo, ukongezelela ekufuneni imvisiswano noxolo. ICortázar Wayengenabhongo ngalo msebenzi, wayewugqala njengesenzo sokutyhuthuzela nesingaqolanga, ngoko akazange avume ukuphinda ayipapashe.
Ngowe-1971, kudliwano-ndlebe noJ. G. Santana, umbhali wagqabaza ngokulandelayo ngalo msebenzi: “Isono sobutsha esingaziwayo, endingasibonisiyo bani. Ifihlwe kakuhle. ”… Nangona kuncinci okwaziwayo ngale ncwadi, ezinye zezo sonethi zihlangulwe, enye yazo yile:
"Umculo"
I
Kwelanga
Baphinda kabini amasiko obusuku, belindile
ikrele le-orenji - liphalaziwe
engapheliyo, i-oleander kwinyama enamaphiko-
kudlala iinyibiba entwasahlobo.
Bayakhanyela - ukukhanyela - i-wax swans
ukuphangwa kwekrele;
baya ngasentla ukuya ndawo
Ukuqubha ugwebu kude kufe ilanga
Udonga lweendiza ezizodwa zenziwe.
Idiski, idiski! Mjonge, Jacinto,
khawucinge indlela akuthobe ngayo ubude bakhe!
Umculo wamafu, melopea
yenze isiseko sokubhabha kwayo
Kufuneka ibe lingcwaba langokuhlwa.
I-Pameos kunye ne-meopas (1971)
Yingqokelela yokuqala yemibongo epapashwe phantsi kwegama lakhe. Ngaba Umdibaniso onemibongo yakhe emininzi. U-Cortázar wayemadolw' anzima ukuchaza imibongo yakhe, wayeneentloni kakhulu kwaye engazithembi iingoma zakhe kolu hlobo. Kule nkalo, wathi: "Ndiyimbongi endala [...] nangona ndigcine phantse yonke into ebhaliweyo kuloo mgca ingapapashwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesihlanu."
Ngo-2017, uMhleli weNórdica wanikela imbeko kumbhali ngokupapasha lo msebenzi, owawubonisa umbongo awubhalileyo ukusuka kwi-1944 ukuya kwi-1958. Le ncwadi yahlulwe yangamacandelo amathandathu —Nganye inesihloko sayo—, equlathe phakathi kwemibongo emibini kunye nemine, kungekho budlelwane phakathi kwayo okanye umhla wokucaciswa kwayo. Nangona kukho umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwesicatshulwa ngasinye - ukunqongophala kokudibana kommkeli, isihloko, ubukhulu baso okanye isingqisho - bagcina isimbo sabo seempawu. Olu hlelo lunemifanekiso kaPablo Auladell. Omnye wemibongo ngulo:
"Ukubuyisela"
Ukuba andazi nto ngomlomo wakho ngaphandle kwelizwi
emabeleni akho ziiblowu eziluhlaza, nokuba ziorenji;
indlela yokuqhayisa ngokuba nawe
ngaphezu kobabalo lwesithunzi esiwela phezu kwamanzi.
Kwinkumbulo yam ndiphethe izijekulo, i-pout
indlela endonwabe ngayo, kwaye ngaloo ndlela
ukuhlala kuwe, kunye negophe
phumla umfanekiso wophondo lwendlovu.
Asiyonto inkulu le ndiyishiyileyo.
Kwakhona izimvo, umsindo, ithiyori,
amagama abazalwana noodade,
idilesi yeposi neyomnxeba,
iifoto ezintlanu, isiqholo seenwele,
uxinzelelo lwezandla ezincinci apho kungekho mntu unokutsho
ukuba ihlabathi lisithekile kum.
Ndithwala yonke into ngaphandle komgudu, ndilahlekelwa kancinci kancinci.
Andiyi kuqamba amanga angunaphakade.
ngcono ukuwela iibhulorho ngezandla zakho
ndizele ngawe,
ukukrazula inkumbulo yam,
eyinika amahobe abo bathembekileyo
oongqatyana, mabadle nina
phakathi kweengoma kunye nengxolo kunye nokuqhwaba.
Ngaphandle kokuhlwa (1984)
Yingqokelela yemibongo yombhali eyapapashwa emva nje kokufa kwakhe. Isicatshulwa si umboniso wezinto ozithandayo, iinkumbulo kunye neemvakalelo. Iingoma zinezinto ezininzi, ukongeza kumava akhe, zibonisa uthando lwakhe kwizixeko zakhe ezimbini: iBuenos Aires neParis. Kulo msebenzi unike imbeko kwezinye iimbongi eziphawule ubukho bakhe.
Ngo-2009, uHlelo lweAlfaguara lwanikezela uhlelo olutsha yale ngqokelela yemibongo, ethi iquka imibhalo-ngqangi yezilungiso ezenziwe ngumbhali. Ngoko ke, iimpazamo ezazikwincwadi yokuqala nezinye iinkupho zalungiswa. Le sonnet ilandelayo yinxalenye yolu papasho:
"Ukwenziwa kabini"
Xa irozi esishukumisayo
encrypted imiqathango yohambo,
ngexesha le-landscape
igama ikhephu licinyiwe,
kuya kubakho uthando oluya kusithatha ekugqibeleni
kwiphenyane labakhweli,
kwaye kwesi sandla ngaphandle komyalezo
iya kuwuvusa umqondiso wobulali bakho.
Ndicinga ukuba ndinguye ngenxa yokuba ndizenzele wena,
alchemy of ukhozi emoyeni
entlabathini nasebumnyameni,
nawe ke kuloo mlindo womeleza
isithunzi ondikhanyisela ngaso
kwaye uyambombozela ukuba undiyile.
Eminye imibongo yombhali
"Busuku"
Ngobu busuku izandla zam zimnyama, intliziyo yam ibilebile
ngathi emva kokulwela ukulibala ngomsi we-centipedes.
Yonke into ishiywe apho, iibhotile, isikhephe,
Andazi nokuba bebendithanda na, nokuba bebelindele ukundibona na.
Kwiphephandaba elele ebhedini ithi iintlanganiso zediplomatic,
i-sangria yokuhlola yambetha ngolonwabo kwiiseti ezine.
Ihlathi eliphakamileyo lijikeleze le ndlu kumbindi wesixeko.
Ndiyazi, ndivakalelwa kukuba indoda eyimfama isifa kuloo ngingqi.
Inkosikazi yam ihla inyuka ileli encinci
njengomphathi ongazithembi iinkwenkwezi….
"Umfana olungileyo"
Andizokwazi ukukhulula izihlangu zam ndivumele umzi undilume iinyawo
Andiyi kunxila phantsi kweebhulorho, andiyi kwenza iimpazamo kwisitayela.
Ndiyalwamkela eli kamva lehempe ezi-ayiniweyo,
Ndifika kwangexesha kwii-cinema, ndinikezela ngesihlalo sam kumanenekazi.
Ukuphazamiseka okude kwezivamvo kubi kum."Abahlobo"
Kwicuba, kwikofu, kwiwayini,
bavuke ekupheleni kobusuku
njengala mazwi ahlabela mgama
ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba yintoni, apha endleleni.Abazalwana abancinci bexesha elizayo,
IDioscurios, izithunzi ezimhlophe, ziyandoyikisa
iimpukane zemikhwa, ziyandibamba
gcina udada phakathi kwe-swirl.Abafileyo bathetha ngakumbi kodwa ezindlebeni,
kwaye abaphilayo banesandla eshushu kunye nophahla,
Isixa-mali sezinto ezifundiweyo kunye nezilahlekileyo.Ngenye imini kwisikhephe sethunzi,
ngenxa yokungabikho kakhulu isifuba sam siya kuhlala
obu bumnene bamandulo obubabiza ngamagama."Nyakhomtsha"
Jonga andikuceli nto ingako
yiphathe ngesandla sakho kuphela
njengentshontsho lexoxo elilala kamnandi kanje.
Ndifuna laa mnyango undinike wona
ukungena kwihlabathi lakho, elo qhekeza lincinci
yeswekile eluhlaza, eyonwabileyo engqukuva.
Awunakundiboleka isandla sakho ngokuhlwanje
Ngobusuku bangaphambi komnyaka omtsha wezikhova?
Awukwazi, ngenxa yezizathu zobugcisa. Emva koko
Ndiyolula emoyeni, ndiluka umnwe ngamnye,
ipesika esilika yesundu
kwaye umva, elo lizwe lemithi eluhlaza.
Ngoko ndiyayithatha kwaye ndiyibambe, njenge
ukuba ibixhomekeke kuyo
kakhulu ehlabathini,
ukulandelelana kwamaxesha amane onyaka,
ukulila kwemiqhagi, uthando lwamadoda.
Isishwankathelo sombhali
UJulio Florencio Cortázar wazalwa ngo-Agasti 26, 1914 kummandla osemazantsi we-Ixelles eBrussels, eBelgium. Abazali bakhe yayinguMaría Herminia Descotte kunye noJulio José Cortázar, bobabini baseArgentina. Ngela xesha, uyise wayesebenza njenge-attaché yorhwebo yozakuzo wase-Argentina.
Buyela eArgentina
Xa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yayiza kuphela, intsapho yakwazi ukulishiya iBelgium; Bafika kuqala eSwitzerland baza emva koko bafika eBarcelona. Xa uCortázar wayeneminyaka emine ubudala, wafika eArgentina. Wakhulela eBanfield—emazantsi eBuenos Aires—kunye nonina, udade wabo uOfelia nomakazi.
Ubuntwana obunzima
KuCortázar, ubuntwana bakhe babuzaliswe lusizi. Wafumana ubunzima bokushiywa nguyise xa wayeneminyaka eyi-6 ubudala kwaye akazange aphinde amve. Ukongeza, wachitha ixesha elininzi ebhedini, kuba wayehlala ephethwe zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Noko ke, le meko yamsondeza ekufundeni. Kwiminyaka nje esithoba ubudala, wayesele efunde uVictor Hugo, uJules Verne noEdgar Allan Poe, nto leyo eyabangela amaphupha amabi aphindaphindiweyo.
Waba ngumfana okhethekileyo. Ukongezelela ekufundeni kwakhe rhoqo, wachitha iiyure efunda isichazi-magama esibizwa ngokuba yiLittle Larousse. Le meko yamkhathaza kakhulu unina kangangokuba watyelela inqununu yesikolo sakhe nogqirha ukuze ababuze enoba kukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kusini na. Zombini iingcali zamcebisa ukuba akuphephe ukufunda umntwana kangangesiqingatha sonyaka, ubuncinane, kunye nokutshiswa lilanga.
Umbhali omncinci
Xa wayesele eza kuba neminyaka eyi-10 ubudala, uCortázar wabhala inoveli emfutshane, ukongeza amabali athile kunye neesonnethi. Le misebenzi yayingenasiphako, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba izalamane zakhe zingamthembi ukuba ziveliswe nguye. Umbhali wavuma kumatyeli aliqela ukuba le meko yambangela unxunguphalo olukhulu.
Izifundo
Waya kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi kwiSikolo seNombolo ye-10 eBanfield, emva koko wangena kwiSikolo saseMariano Acosta esiQhelekileyo sabaFundisi. Ngo-1932, waphumelela njengotitshala oqhelekileyo kwaye kwiminyaka emithathu kamva njengoNjingalwazi weeNcwadi. Kamva, wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseBuenos Aires ukuba afunde iFilosofi. Wawuyeka isikolo emva kokuba ephumelele unyaka wokuqala, njengoko wayethathe isigqibo sokuqhelisela umsebenzi wakhe ukuze ancede umama wakhe.
Amava omsebenzi
Waqalisa ukufundisa kwizixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zelo lizwe, kuquka iBolívar neChivilcoy. Kwelokugqibela waphila phantse iminyaka emithandathu (1939-1944) kwaye wafundisa uncwadi kwiSikolo esiqhelekileyo. Ngo-1944, wafudukela eMendoza kwaye wafundisa izifundo zoncwadi lwesiFrentshi kwiYunivesithi yeSizwe yaseCuyo. Ngelo xesha wapapasha ibali lakhe lokuqala, "Witch", kwiphephancwadi Imeyile yoncwadi.
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva—emva kokoyisa kwePeronism— Wawuyeka umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa waza wabuyela eBuenos Aires, apho waqala ukusebenza kwiGumbi leeNcwadi laseArgentina. Kungekudala emva koko, wapapasha ibali elithi "Indlu ethathiweyo" kwiphephancwadi Iimbali zaseBuenos Aires —Ilawulwa nguJorge Luis Borges—. Kamva wabonisa imisebenzi engakumbi kwamanye amaphephancwadi aziwayo, afana nala: Inyani, on kunye Ijenali yeZifundo zeClassical kwiYunivesithi yaseCuyo.
Ukufaneleka njengomguquleli kunye nesiqalo sopapasho lwakho
Ngowe-1948, uCortázar wafaneleka ukuba ngumguquleli wesiNgesi nesiFrentshi. Esi sifundo sathatha iminyaka emithathu ukugqiba, kodwa samthabatha iinyanga ezisithoba kuphela. Emva konyaka, wanikela umbongo wokuqala osayinwe negama lakhe: “Los reyes”; Ngaphezu koko, wapapasha inoveli yakhe yokuqala: Ukonwabisa. Ngo-1951 wakhululwa Kumho, incwadi ehlanganisa amabali asibhozo yaza yamkelwa eArgentina. Kungekudala emva koko, wafudukela eParis ngenxa yokungavisisani norhulumente kaMongameli uPerón.
Ngo-1953 wamkela isindululo seDyunivesithi yasePuerto Rico ukuguqulela irepertoire epheleleyo kwiprose kaEdgar Allan Poe.. Lo msebenzi wawuthathwa ngabagxeki njengowona mbhalo ulungileyo womsebenzi wombhali waseMelika.
Ukufa
Emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 ehlala kumhlaba waseFransi, uMongameli uFrançois Mitterrand wamnika ubuzwe. Ngowe-1983, umbhali wabuyela okokugqibela - emva kokubuyela kwidemokhrasi - eArgentina. Kungekudala emva koko, uCortázar wabuyela eParis, apho Wasweleka ngoFebruwari 12, 1984 ngenxa ye-leukemia.