Iingqungquthela zecyrical

"Iziqulatho zobugqwetha" zibizwa ngolwahlulo lweetekisi ezibonakaliswe ngentetho "yombongo" yombhali. Ezi ziqokelelwe ngokwamaqela ezikhundla zazo - kwimibongo ephambili nakwimibongo emincinci. Ngokunjalo, kufanelekile ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo uhlobo lwesingqisho esele ikhoyo kunye nenani lamagama eetriki metric akhoyo kuwo ngamnye wabo.

Ngokweli lizwi sele likhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokwenziwa kolu hlobo lweengoma ngumbongo, kwaye oku kuthi kuboniswe ngeevesi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba uqaphele ukuba imibongo yeprose ayifanelekanga ukuba ichithwe. Khumbula ukuba eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwingoma bubunzulu kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngumbhali ukuveza iimvakalelo zakhe.

Imibongo emikhulu

Njengoko sele kutshiwo, olona mgangatho uphambili kubude beziqendu zalo. Phakathi kwezona ziqhelekileyo, oku kulandelayo kuvela:

Ingoma

Luhlobo lwentetho-phantse ngalo lonke ixesha-kwivesi eyenzelwe ukuba ichazwe njengenxalenye yomculo. Eyona ngoma ibalaseleyo kwingoma enengoma yenzeka ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi ezandleni zeembongi ezintsha ezinje ngoFrancesco Petrarca (1304-1374) kunye noLope de Stúñiga (1415-1465).

Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane, ukucula ngengoma kuye kwavela kwiimbonakalo ezahlukeneyo zeqela lendalo (ihlala idityaniswa nedrama). Phakathi kwazo: ikwayara, iokhestra kunye neopera. Ezi zihlala zimelwe ziitenors, iisopranos kunye neemvumi ezona zinto ziphambili kubunzulu bamazwi abo.

Umhobe

Ingoma yesiqhelo esineengoma ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nengoma (ngenxa yokufana kweendlela zokutolika). Nangona kunjalo, yahlukile kule yokugqibela ngendlela iphakamisa ngayo ukuthanda ilizwe okanye inkolo. Ngapha koko, kumaxesha amandulo babeyindlela eqhelekileyo yokudumisa izithixo.

Namhlanje, uMhobe weSizwe uyinxalenye yeempawu zesizwe Kunye neflegi kunye nekhaka lesizwe— Zonke izizwe zehlabathi. Nokuba la mazwe awamkelwa kwilizwe jikelele ahlala eneNgoma yeSizwe.

Iindlovu

Yimbonakalo yeengoma enxibelelene ngokusondeleyo neemvakalelo zokulila, ubunyungu, ukulangazelela kunye neenkumbulo ezingathandekiyo. Ke ngoko, Ii-Elegies zikhuthazwa kukuphulukana (nezinto eziphathekayo, ezemvakalelo okanye zokomoya) zothandekayo. Ngendlela efanayo, zidibene nezinye iingoma zengoma (ingoma, umzekelo).

I-elegy luhlobo lwentetho evakalayo esekwe kwiGrisi yakudala. I-Hellenes ichaze ngento ebizwa ngokuba yimitha ye-elegiac. Ezi zenziwe kukutshintshwa kweevesi ze-hexameter kunye neepentameter. Ukusukela ngoko, i-elegy igqithile phantse kuyo yonke imbali kunye nezopolitiko kwimpucuko yaseNtshona.

Ukungena

I-eclogue yintetho enesandi eyakhiwe ngengxoxo phakathi kwabantu ababini nangaphezulu. Ngokwesiqhelo, Olu luhlu lubonakaliswa kwimidlalo yeqonga ebekwe emaphandleni, apho isenzo sihamba nengxoxo phakathi kwabelusi ababini. Uninzi lwee-eclogue ezaziwa kakhulu zinento enye kwaye zaye zaduma kakhulu eYurophu ngexesha loKuvuselelwa.

I-ode

I-ode luhlobo lombongo olayishwe ngumfanekiso onzulu apho iimpawu zomntu, into okanye indawo ziphakanyisiwe. Olu hlobo lweengoma ezivakalayo luqheleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi enikezelwe koothixo beentsomi zamaGrike. Ngendlela efanayo, yayincoma uloyiso lomkhosi okanye ubuhle beendawo zamaGrike (okanye zabalinganiswa abathile).

Emva koko, Ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi i-ode yaphinda yathandwa enkosi kwizifundiswa ezinje ngoFray Luis de León. Ngaphezu, umhobe wangoku we-European Union yi Umhobe Wovuyo iqulunqwe nguLudwig van Beethoven (iSymphony No. 9). Ngubani, naye, owayephefumlelwe Ode kuVuyo (Ngo-1785) yimbongi yaseJamani uFriedrich von Schiller.

Ukulinganisa

I-Satire yintsingiselo yengoma eqinisekisiweyo ethe yaqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla ngenxa yemibongo yayo ye-burlesque kunye namabinzana abukhali. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela kwiGrisi yakudala. Nokuba ku, ezona satires zikhunjulwa kulwimi lwesiCastilian zenziwa ekupheleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi.

nayo, Ukuhlekisa kwaba yindlela "eyamkelekileyo" yokugxeka uluntu kunye nocwangco. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ezona zixhobo zisetyenziswayo kwi-satire ziyi-sarcasm kunye ne-irony, nokuba kukwiprozi okanye kwivesi. Ezi zinto zibonakala kubabhali ababini ababalaseleyo bexesha elibizwa ngokuba yiSpanish Golden Age:

• ILope de Vega
• UFrancisco Gómez de Quevedo

Imibongo emincinci

Ukulandela ukulandelelana kwezimvo eziphakanyisiweyo, ukwakhiwa kokongezwa okuncinci kuyaqhubeka. Ziyabonakala:

Madrigal

Abanye abaphengululi bacinga ukuba i-madrigal njengomahluko wengoma. Nangona kunjalo, i-madrigal iveza izikhokelo ezizodwa ezahlulahlula kwezinye ukubonakaliswa kweengoma. Phakathi kwezo, ezona zibalulekileyo kukuba inani leendinyana zalo alinakuba ngaphezulu kweshumi elinesihlanu. Ngapha koko, ezi, metrically, kufuneka zibe zii-heptasyllable kunye ne-hendecasyllables.

Ke ngoko, zizincoko ezimfutshane ezinemixholo enxulumene nothando okanye iingxoxo zabefundisi. Omnye weyona mizekelo ibalulekileyo yemadrigal kulwimi lwaseSpain yile UMadrigal ukuya kwitikiti le-tram Yimbongi yaseSpain kunye nombhali wemidlalo uRafael Alberti.

Epigram

Imile ngendlela yayo yobukrelekrele, ebukhali kunye nokuluma, yiyo loo nto ithathwa njengefana nokuthotywa. Nangona kunjalo, yahlukile kweyokugqibela ngokuba mfutshane (ngesiqhelo, inezindinyana ezimbini) kwaye ichaze uluvo olunye lokudlula. I-epigram yavela- njengoninzi lwengoma - kwiGrisi yakudala, igama layo lithetha "ukubhala ngaphezulu" (elityeni).

AmaHellene babehlala bebeka kwiminyango yezakhiwo ezibalulekileyo okanye emazantsi emifanekiso eqingqiweyo kunye namangcwaba. Injongo yabo yayikukukhumbula isiganeko sembali okanye ukubhiyozela ubomi bomntu. Emva kwexesha, ii-epigrams ezikumangcwaba ethu kwathiwa "ziiepitaphs." Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iipigrams zabhalwa ukuze zibonise ezinye zexesha.

Haiku

Luhlobo lwenkondlo yemveli evela eJapan. Iphawulwa yimixholo yayo yokuphakanyiswa kwendalo kunye nolwakhiwo lwayo lweevesi ezintathu zelungu lesihlanu, ezisixhenxe kunye nesihlanu, ngokulandelelana, ukusilela kwisicengcelezo. Phakathi kweyona haikus yaziwayo eSpanish kukho i-17 efakwe kule ncwadi Ixabiso (1981) ka UJorge Luis Borges. Kuyimfuneko ukukhankanya incwadi Ikona yeHaikus (1999) nguMario Benedetti.

Olunye uhlobo lwengoma eyaziwayo

• Iletrilla: ngumbongo omfutshane onekwayari eneenjongo zokuculwa.
• I-Epitalamio: ukubhalwa okufutshane kweengoma ezibhalelwe umtshato.
• I-Escolión: ukubonakaliswa kweengoma zobude obufutshane, obenziwe ngendlela ephuculweyo embindini wesidlo okanye amaqela eGrisi yakudala, efundwa yimvumi enye okanye nangaphezulu (abatshintshanayo). Iphawuleka ngemidlalo yayo yamagama kunye nokwaziswa kwezinto ezinje ngeentsonkotha.