Iiklasi zeenoveli zoncwadi

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenoveli, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlulahlula. Enye yezona ndlela zindala zokwahlulahlula uhlobo lwendalo ebhaliweyo kuhambelana nemarike ejolise kuyo. Ngokuhambelana, iinoveli zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: ezo zenzelwe ukuvelisa imali (ezorhwebo) kunye nezo zemvelaphi yobugcisa (uncwadi).

Nangona kunjalo, iikhrayitheriya zokuhlelwa ngokubhekisele kwicandelo lezorhwebo ziqhelekile, kuba inoveli inokubhala kunye nokuthengisa ngaxeshanye. Ngokwenyani, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwiiklasi zoncwadi lobunjani luhlobo lwecebo labo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba isekwe kwiziganeko eziyinyani okanye kuyo yonke inxenye yombono wengcinga yombhali (okanye indibaniselwano yazo zombini).

Ulwimi olusetyenzisiweyo luchaza imvelaphi yenoveli yoncwadi

Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngumbalisi zezona zitshixo zibalulekileyo xa kuhlelwa indalo yoncwadi. Ke ngoko, iindlela zokubonisa zimele "utyikityo lomntu ngamnye" lombhali ngamnye ukufikelela kumfundi, ukumisela ubunyani bazo. Ulwimi olusetyenzisiweyo kufuneka lusebenze ngokufanelekileyo ekugqithiseni iinjongo okanye iimvakalelo zombhali.

Ngaphandle koko, uphando olwenziwe (ukuba lukhona) malunga nomxholo lulahlekile embindini wokufunda. Umzekelo: inoveli ebhalwe kakuhle ebhaliweyo inokuphulukana nentsingiselo okanye ifumane ukubaluleka kuphela kubulelwa ibali elivelisiweyo. Ngokufanayo, indalo ebubuxoki ye-100% inokubonakala ithembekile ngokupheleleyo ukuba umbhali uyakwazi ukufikelela ezingqondweni zabafundi bakhe.

Iinoveli eziyinyani

Injongo yeenoveli eziyinyani zibonisa iziganeko ezichazwe ngendlela efana kakhulu nenyani. Ngokubanzi, ichaza abalinganiswa bokunyaniseka okanye uphawu olomeleleyo phakathi kweemeko zemihla ngemihla kwimeko yeengxaki zokwenyani zentlalo. Ke ngoko, imeko-bume yezentlalo icacisiwe ngendlela ethembekileyo.

Ezi zinto zinokubonakala ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi enje Bulala iMockingbird (1960) nguHarper Lee. Kule klasi yoncwadi lwe-Anglo-Saxon, umbhali waphefumlelwa lusapho lwakhe, abamelwane bakhe, kunye nomsitho owenzeka kwindawo yakhe xa wayeneminyaka eli-10 ubudala. Ezinye izihloko ezaziwayo zolu luhlu zezi:

• Madam Bovary (1856) ka UGustave Flaubert.
• UAna Karenina (Ngo-1877) ngu-Leo Tolstoy.
• Isixeko kunye neenja (Ngo-1963) nguMario Vargas Llosa.

Inoveli ye-Epistolary

Njengoko igama layo libonisa, kolu hlobo lwenoveli ibali libaliswa ngemiyalezo ebhaliweyo yohlobo lomntu. Oko kukuthi, ngoonobumba, iitrafigram okanye iidayari ezisondeleyo, ke ngoko, ukuthatha inxaxheba kombalisi kukwenza ukuba umfundi azive engobomi bomntu. Phakathi kwezona mpapasho zakutshanje, Izibonelelo zokuba ungabonakali (1999) nguStephen Chbosky ngummeli weli nqanaba.

Iiphakethi zokubayityantyambo yodonga (Isihloko sesiNgesi sokuqala) u-Charlie oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala malunga nokuqala unyaka wakhe wokuqala wesikolo esiphakamileyo kwisikolo esitsha. Uxinzelelo lwakhe lukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuzibulala komhlobo wakhe osenyongweni (uMichael) kwinyanga ephelileyo kunye nomakazi wakhe uHelen xa wayeneminyaka esixhenxe ubudala. Ke ngoko, uqala ukubhala iileta (ngaphandle komthumeli othile) ngenjongo yokuzama ukuqonda okungqongileyo kunye naye.

Ezinye iincwadi zeenoveli zepistolary zezi:

• Ubuhlobo obuyingozi (Ngo-1782) nguChoderlos de Laclos
• Utata Imilenze emide (Ngo-1912) nguJean Webster.

Iinoveli zembali

Iinoveli zembali ziyindalo yoncwadi olucekeceke malunga nesiganeko sokwenyani esidlulileyo sentlalo kunye / okanye ukubaluleka kwezopolitiko. Kwelinye icala, le subgenre yahlulwe yaba yimbali yenoveli engacacanga kunye nenoveli yembali echasene nokungaqiniseki. Kwicandelwana lokuqala umbhali ubandakanya abalinganiswa abenziweyo embindini wesiganeko sokwenyani. Ezi mpawu zibonakala kwiincwadi ezinje Igama le rose (1980) ngu-U. Eco.

Le ncwadi ibalisa ngophando olwenziwe nguGuillermo de Baskerville kunye (nomfundi wakhe) uAdso de Melk kuthotho lokubulala kumzi woonongendi kumantla e-Itali ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Kwimeko yesibini, umbhali unendawo engaphezulu Ngokuguqula (ngokubona kwakhe) ubomi babantu bokwenyani ebalini lakhe. Eminye imisebenzi yamabali emveli eyimbali yile:

• USinuhé, umYiputa (Ngo-1945) nguMika Waltari.
• Abhisalom! Abhisalom! (Ngo-1926) nguWilliam Faulkner.

Inoveli ebhaliweyo

Ngabo banamabali anxulumene namaxesha ahlukeneyo afanelekileyo kubomi bombhali, njengokuphumelela, ukuphoxeka, ukubandezeleka, iintlungu, ukuthanda ... Ngesi sizathu, umbalisi uchaza imeko yokuvelela. Omnye wemisebenzi edumileyo yale subgenre ngu Amathemba amakhulu (1860) nguCharles Dickens. Kuyo, umbhali uxubanisa imeko yenoveli namava akhe amaninzi.

Iinoveli zoqeqesho

Yimisebenzi ebhaliweyo egxile kuphuhliso lweemvakalelo kunye / okanye ngokwengqondo zabo baphambili. Ngokwesiqhelo, iinoveli zoqeqesho zidityaniswa: ukwaluka, uhambo nohambo. Ngokufanayo, banokubalisa inqanaba elithile okanye ubomi bonke be-protagonist. Izihloko ezibini ezingumfuziselo weli candelwana zezi Uyenza njani iNtombazana (2014) nguCainlin Moran kunye Umbambisi kwirye (Ngo-1956) ngu-JD Salinger.

Iinoveli zentsomi

Ziziinoveli ezisekwe kuphuhliso lobuchwephesha ukuphakamisa iimeko ezizezinye kubunyani behlabathi langoku. Ngenxa yoko, iindlela zabo zokuqikelela kufuneka zihlale zichanekile kwimbono yendlela yesayensi. Umxholo oqheleke kakhulu kwinyani yesayensi kukusilela kwabantu kunye neziphumo ezibangelwe kukusilela okunjalo.

Olu hlobo lwesakhiwo luyacaca kwimisebenzi enje Uhambo oluya kwiZiko loMhlaba (Ngo-1864) ngu-Jules Verne okanye Indoda eyindoda (1975) nguJoanna Russ. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Imfazwe yeHlabathi (Ngo-1898) ngu-HG Wells wazisa iinoveli ezithandwayo ezingamabali. Ngokunjalo, olu hlobo lopapasho kuhlaselo lwangaphandle luqondisa ngqo kuhlalutyo lwabo kububi boluntu.

Iinoveli zeDystopi

Iinoveli zeDystopi zikwajongwa njengesebe leenoveli eziyinyani. Babonisa uluntu olujongeka ngokugqibeleleyo kwikamva ... kodwa kusilela kakhulu okusisiseko, okubangela ukungoneliseki- ukugqagqana- phakathi kwenxalenye yabemi. Phakathi kweyona mizekelo mvanje kwaye ithandwayo kolu hlobo lweentlobo ezintathu Imidlalo yokulamba nguSuzanne Collins.

I-classic yale subgenre yile 1984 (1949) nguGeorge Orwell. Ichaza uluntu lwaseLondon ukusuka kwixesha elizayo xa lwalupapashwa. Apho abahlali bayo abangahlaliyo bebeya kuhlelwa ngokwamacandelo amabini: abanye bayalela imigaqo kwaye abanye bayayithobela ngenxa yeenkuni zabo ezinqabileyo ezinemvukelo. Esinye isihloko senoveli esaziwayo namhlanje Ibali lesicakakazi (1985) nguMargaret Atwood.

Iinoveli zaseUtopian

Iinoveli zaseUtopia zibonisa impucuko egqibeleleyo. Igama elithi "utopia" laqulunqwa nguThomas Moore ukusuka kumagama esiGrike "u" kunye "topos", aguqulelwe njenge "naphina". Esinye sezihloko ezindala kakhulu zenoveli IAtlantis eNtsha (1626) nguFrancis Bacon. Ibalisa ngokufika kwe-protagonist eBensalem, intsimi eyintsomi apho abemi bayo abalungileyo bezinikele ekuphuculeni uluntu.

Ngokusebenzisa "indlela ye-Baconian yoqheliso", ezi "zilumko zamadoda" zifuna ukuqonda kwaye zoyise izinto zendalo ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi wabo bonke. Abanye imizekelo yeklasikhi yeenoveli ezinqwenelekayo zezi Isiqithi (1962) ngu-Aldous Huxley kunye Ecotopia (1975) ngu-Ernest Callenbach.

Iinoveli ezimnandi

Ziyimisebenzi ebhaliweyo esekwe kwimihlaba yentelekelelo, ke ngoko, amagqwirha ahamba rhoqo, Iifiriyi kwaye inokubandakanya ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuthathwe amanani asentsomini. I-sagas enkulu yokusasazeka kwehlabathi kwiscreen esikhulu yeyale subgenre, phakathi kwayo:

• Harry Potter NguJK Rowling.
• INkosi yamakhonkco nguJR Tolkien.
• narnia Ngu-CS Lewis.

Iinoveli zabacuphi

Ziziinoveli apho umlinganiswa ophambili (okanye ebelilungu) lamapolisa anecebo elijolise kuphando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ewe akunakwenzeka ukuba uthethe malunga neenoveli zomcuphi ngaphandle kokukhankanya umhloli wezithonjana I-Poirot eyenziwe nguAgatha Christie kwiincwadi zakhe ezininzi. Olunye uthotho lwe-subgenre yile:

• Iincwadi ze I-Perry Mason ngu-Erle Stanley Gardner.
• Amabali kaSir Arthur Conan Doyle edlala uSherlock Holmes noJohn Watson.

Iincwadi zamabali eziyinyani

Zithathwa njengemveliso yorhwebo (eyenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ngobuninzi beetekisi) phakathi kopapasho lomcuphi kunye nesayensi. Iodidi yamabali eentsomi ze-pulp yintsomi UTarzan kunye neenkawu (Ngo-1912) ngu-Edgar Rice Burroughs; Enye yeenoveli zokuqala ezathengiswa kakhulu kwimbali. Omnye umsebenzi wempembelelo efanayo Isiqalekiso seCapistrano (Ngo-1919) nguJohnston McCulley (eneenkwenkwezi uEl Zorro).

Iinoveli ezoyikisayo

Iinoveli ezothusayo zibalisa ngeziganeko eziphazamisayo ezijolise ekwenzeni uloyiko kubafundi. UStephen King nge Ukukhanya (1977) iphawule inqanaba elibalulekileyo kweli candelwana. Ngokwombhali ngokwakhe, isihloko sasikhuthazwa sisiqendu esithi "Sonke sikhanyise kwi ..." yengoma IKarma ekhawulezileyo NguJohn Lennon. Yayiyincwadi yokuqala ethengisa eyona nto ithengwa kakhulu kwimbali.

Iinoveli zomfundisi

Yindlela engezantsi ehambelana kakhulu nenoveli yomcuphi. Kubalulekile ukubeka oku kulandelayo ngokwembono: zonke iinoveli zabacuphi zezendidi zecandelo lemfihlakalo, kodwa ayizizo zonke iinoveli eziyimfihlakalo ezinenkwenkwezi ngabacuphi. Ezi ndawo zicacile kwimisebenzi enje Igama le rose ngu-Umberto Eco (ikwayincwadi yenoveli) kwaye Intombazana kuloliwe (2015) nguPaula Hawkins.

Iinoveli zeGothic

Iinoveli zeGothic yimisebenzi ebandakanya okungaphaya kwendalo, eyoyikisayo, kunye / okanye eyimfihlakalo. Umxholo uhlala ujikeleza malunga nokufa, ukonakala kunye nokungaphepheki kobubi. Into eqhelekileyo kuseto ziinqaba ezindala, izakhiwo eziwohlokileyo (iicawa ezonakalisiweyo okanye iitempile) kunye nezindlu ezihanjisiweyo.

Phakathi kwezihloko ezaziwa kakhulu kweli candelwana zezi:

• Umonki (Ngo-1796) nguMateyu G. Lewis.
• UFrankenstein okanye iPrometheus yanamhlanje (Ngo-1818) nguMary Shelley.
• Dracula (Ngo-1897) nguBram Stoker.

Iinoveli zeCowboy

Los entshona yimisebenzi ebekwe kude kwintshona ye-United States (emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya). Ngaphandle kwempikiswano yesiqhelo yeenkomo, ngokubanzi zibandakanya imicimbi yamaMelika aseMelika kumlo wabo nxamnye nabahlali. Iingxoxo malunga nobulungisa bendawo kunye nobunzima obufunyenwe kwiifama zeenkomo ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-XNUMX ziqhelekile.

Phakathi Iiklasi ezinkulu zeencwadana zeenkwenkwe, banokubizwa ngamagama:

• Unontombi (1902) ngu-Owen Wister.
• Intliziyo yasentshona (1907) kunye namabali Ubusuku baseArizona NguStewart Edward White.

Iinoveli zePicaresque

Eli klasi leenoveli linee-protagonists ezingaqhelekanga (anti-hero okanye anti-heroine), histrionic, ethambekele ekophuleni imigaqo yokuziphatha kwezentlalo. Ngendlela efanayo, abalinganiswa bakhe basoloko benamaqhinga okanye benobuqhophololo, bengenelela ngokulula kwimikhwa emibi. Incwadana yepicaresque ivela ngexesha elibizwa ngokuba yiSpanish Golden Age, ekubeni Isikhokelo seTormes (1564) ithathele ingqalelo eyokuqala yohlobo lwayo.

Nangona kunjalo, imisebenzi kaMateo Alemán yayiyeyona yayisasaza oluhlobo, ibonakaliswa kukuma kwakhe okunzima kwimikhwa eqhelekileyo yexesha lakhe (ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX). Nangona iinoveli zepicaresque zinokubangela uhlobo oluthile lokuziphatha, le ayisiyiyo injongo ephambili. Ngokufanelekileyo eyona picaresque yenoveli yaziwa ngalo lonke ixesha yile Indoda enobukrelekrele uDon Quijote waseLa Mancha (1605), nguCervantes.

Iinoveli zesatirical

Ziziinoveli ngababhali abasebenzisa ukugculelwa njengesixhobo se-neuralgic sokucaphukisa kumfundi ukubonakalisa okanye ubuncinci, ukuvelisa ukuthandabuza. Olu hlobo lokuphendula lufuna ukucebisa esinye isisombululo esijikeleze imeko ethile (enengxaki okanye ephazamisayo). Eminye imizekelo yale subgenus yile Uvukelo efama NguGeorge Orwell, kwaye IiAdventures zeHuckleberry Finn NguMark Twain.

Iinoveli zemifuziselo

Njengoko igama lisitsho, iinoveli ezingumzekeliso zinecebo elivelisiweyo lokujonga omnye umsitho (onokuba yinyani) okanye imeko. Ke ngoko, ulwimi olusetyenzisiweyo lulayishwe ngumqondiso ojolise ekuveliseni imibuzo yokuziphatha, inkolo, ezopolitiko kunye / okanye ezentlalo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yeenoveli zokufanisa, sinokuthiya Nkosi yeempukane (1954) nguWilliam Golding.

Incwadi kaGolding iqulethe umyalezo oqinileyo wokugxekwa kwezentlalo. Apho ububi babantu bubonakaliswa nguBhelezebhule, Umntu wasentsomini wamaFilistiya (kamva wamkelwa yimifanekiso yobuKristu). Omnye umzekelo wenoveli yokomfuziselo luthotho lwe IziKronike zaseNarnia ngu-CS Lewis (ngenxa yokucinga kwakhe ngokwenkolo). Njengo Uvukelo efama yeOrwell ngokucinga kwakhe ngovukelo lwentlalo).