Iincwadi zikaBenito Pérez Galdos

UBenito Pérez Galdós.

UBenito Pérez Galdós.

Xa umsebenzisi we-Intanethi eqhuba ukukhangela "iincwadi zikaBenito Pérez Galdós" iziphumo zisuka nje kuyeyona misebenzi mininzi yabameli beSpanish Realism. Kwakhona, enkosi yayo Iziqendu zesizwe uye ezantsi kwimbali ngokwahlula phakathi kuka- "Chronicler of Spain". Ke ngoko, uBenito Pérez Galdós lelinye lamagama angenakuphepheka kwimbali yoncwadi lwaseSpain.

Ilifa lakhe likukuphakama "kwamagorha" oonobumba beCastilian abanjengoMiguel de Cervantes, uGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos okanye uPedro Calderón de la Barca, phakathi kwabanye. Ngaphandle kwembali, UGaldós wayengumvelisi ovelayo nonempumelelo weenoveli, umbhali wemidlalo odumileyo, kunye nombhali wamaqhekeza aliqela.

Ubomi bukaBenito Pérez Galdós

Ukuzalwa kunye nobuntwana

Wabhaptizwa phantsi kwegama likaBenito María de los Dolores, wazalwa ngoMeyi 10, 1843, eLas Palmas de Gran Canaria. Wayengumntwana weshumi emtshatweni phakathi kukaSebastián Pérez Macías (ukoloneli womkhosi waseSpain) kunye noDolores Galdós Medina. Wafunda kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi eColegio de San Agustín, iziko elinenkqubo yokufundisa yexesha eliphambili.

IJuventud

Ngexesha lokufikisa kwakhe waqala ukusebenzisana ngokwenza igalelo kwimibongo yakhe, izincoko kunye namabali kwiphephandaba lasekuhlaleni. Ufumene isidanga sakhe sobuchwephesha kwezobugcisa ngo-1862, wasiphumelela eLa Laguna Institute eTenerife. Kungekudala emva koko, wathunyelwa eMadrid ukuba afunde umthetho. Nokuba ku, Wayengumfundi waseyunivesithi ongakhange aqeqeshwe, enomdla wokungabikho kumagumbi okufundela.

Ngaphezu, abatsha UGaldós wayekuthanda ukutyelela ibhilibhodi yenkcubeko yekomkhulu kwaye esiya rhoqo kwindibano yabanye abantu belizwe lakhe. Kwangokunjalo, eyunivesithi wenza ubuhlobo noFrancisco Giner de los Ríos, umseki we-Institución Libre de Enseñanza, owamchaphazela kwiKrausism yakhe. Ngokufanayo, wenza ubuhlobo obusondeleyo kunye I-Leopoldo yeha, uClarín.

Umsebenzi wokuqala kunye nesiqalo somsebenzi wakhe wokubhala

Ukusukela ngo-1865, UGaldós wasebenza njenge ntatheli ye La Nación, Ingxoxo-mpikiswano kunye Ijenali yoMbutho weNgqondo eYurophu. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva wayengumbhaleli kwi-Universal Exhibition eParis. Wabuya eFrance ngo-1868 kunye nemisebenzi kaBalzac noDickens (awayemguqulele). Ngokudibeneyo, wabhala ingxelo yobuntatheli malunga nokuyilwa koMgaqo-siseko omtsha emva kokubekwa esihlalweni kuka-Isabel II.

Ngo-1870 wapapasha Umthombo wegolide, inoveli yakhe yokuqala; eyandulela Trafalgar (Ngo-1873), eyokuqala Iziqendu zeLizwe. Ngaphambi kokusweleka kwakhe-okwenzeka nge-4 kaJanuwari 1920-wenza umsebenzi wezopolitiko kwaye watyunjelwa imbasa yeNobel yoNcwadi. Kodwa ubuchwephesha bakhe bukhokelela ekuthabatheni ukugwetywa kwakhe lelona candelo lilondolozayo laseSpain.

«Iincwadi zikaBenito Pérez Galdos», ukhangelo ekudala lulindelwe

Izifundiswa zihlala ziqokelela imibhalo kaBenito Pérez Galdós kwimijikelo. Ngamnye kubo ubonakalisa inguquko yengqondo kunye nokudityaniswa ngokulandelelana kwezixhobo zombhali waseCanarian. Ezona ncwadi zimeleyo zichazwe ngokufutshane apha ngezantsi kwaye izihloko ezihambelana nenqanaba ngalinye ziyakhankanywa.

Umjikelo weenoveli zethisisi

Umfazi ogqibeleleyo (1876)

Umfazi ogqibeleleyo

Umfazi ogqibeleleyo.

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Umfazi ogqibeleleyo

UGaldós uvakalisa ukugxeka kwakhe ngokusesikweni, ubugqwetha kunye nohanahaniso kuluntu lwasemva kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kunye nommeli ophambili: iDoña Perfecta. Ungumhlolokazi ohlala eOrbajosa, indawo ebiyelweyo ebonisa ukuba "inzulu yeSpain", ilali. Kwakhona, Eli nenekazi linqwenela ukugcina ilifa losapho ngomtshato phakathi komtshana wakhe uPepe Rey kunye nentombi yakhe uRosario.

Ukungavisisani phakathi kukaPepe nabahlali baseOrbajosa kuyabonakala, ngakumbi kunye no-anti wakhe kunye no-Don Inocencio, umfundisi welali. Kuba wakhuliswa kwimeko ehambele phambili (yamaKatolika, kodwa enenkqubela phambili ngexesha lakhe). Ngaphandle kwezi meko, kukho umtsalane oqinileyo phakathi kukaPepe noRosario ... ogqiba ngembandezelo.

Uluhlu lukaGaldós lweenoveli zethisisi:

  • Umthombo wegolide (1870).
  • Isithunzi (1870).
  • Isibindi (1871).
  • nyota (1876-77).
  • Marianela (1878).
  • Usapho lukaLeon Roch (1878).

ICiclo de la materia (iinoveli zangoku zaseSpain)

UFortunata noJacinta (1886-87)

UFortunata noJacinta.

UFortunata noJacinta.

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: UFortunata noJacinta

UFortunata noJacinta Yapapashwa yimiqulu emine phakathi kukaJanuwari noJuni 1887. Ithathwa njengenye yeenoveli ezingumfuziselo- kunye UMlawuli, elivela kuClarín— lobunyani bezinto ezazikho kwanenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba eSpeyin. Iyelenqe lakhiwe malunga nolwalamano olunzulu lwentiyo phakathi kwabaxhasi bayo ababini. Umtya wayo wokubaliswa umiselwe ziimvakalelo.

Kwelinye icala, kukho iFortunata, intombazana entle eyaziwayo kwidolophu yayo. Unomdla kwaye unqwenela ngamandla, nangona kunjalo, amandla abonakalayo aphela edlala ngokuchasene naye. Umlingane wakhe nguJacinta, umfazi o-ethe-ethe kakhulu oyinyumba, otyekelo loomama bakhe baba likhadi lakhe losindiso kulwahlulo loluntu.

Uluhlu lweenoveli ezivela kumjikelo wemicimbi nguGaldós

  • Ababelwe ilifa (1881).
  • Umhlobo olulamileyo (1882).
  • UGqirha Centeno (1883).
  • Intuthumbo (1884).
  • Ii-Bringas (1884).
  • Okungavumelekanga (1884-85).
  • ICelín, iTropopiquillos kunye neTheros (1887).
  • i-Meow (1888).
  • Okungaziwayo (1889).
  • Torquemada kwisibonda (1889).
  • Inyani (1889).

Umjikelo wokomoya (iinoveli zangoku zespanish)

Inceba (1897)

Inceba

Inceba

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Inceba

Inceba Yincwadi yesithoba yabalishumi elinanye abenza umjikelo wokomoya wombhali waseCanarian. Nangona esi sihloko sesinye sezona zibhalo zibalaseleyo zaseGaldós, khange ibenempembelelo enkulu emva kokupapashwa kwayo kwiindawo ezimbini kwi Ukungakhethi buso y Inkululeko. Kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1920 le ncwadi yafumana ushicilelo lwesibini kwaye yaqala ukwamkelwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Kule noveli, uGaldós ungene "kwenye iMadrid". Eli candelo laseMadrid laphantsi ligcwele abantu abangenamakhaya, izifo kunye nosizi. Apho, uBenina, isicakakazi esineenkwenkwezi ebalini - kuthiwa - siyimbonakaliso yenceba kaThixo nemfesane. Nangona kunjalo, Ingxelo iqulethe intsingiselo enzulu ephindwe kabini (kwaye inempikiswano ngelo xesha) ukusuka kwintloko.

Uluhlu lweenoveli zomjikelo wokomoya waseGaldós

  • Imfazwe Yengelosi (1890-91).
  • tristana (1892).
  • Umfazi ophambene endlini (1892).
  • Torquemada emnqamlezweni (1893).
  • Torquemada kwindawo yentlambululo-miphefumlo (1894).
  • Torquemada kunye neSan Pedro (1895).
  • UNazarin (1895).
  • IHalma (1895).
  • Utat'omkhulu (1897).
  • UCassandra (1905).

Umjikelo weenoveli zentsomi

Umjikelo weGaldós ubandakanya izihloko ezibini: I knight enchanted (1909) kunye Isizathu sokungabi nasizathu (1915). Kuzo zombini usuka kwimixholo kunye nokwakheka kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwimijikelezo yakhe yangaphambili. Endaweni yoko, umbhali waseSpain ubonakalisa ubuhle obudibanisa izinto ze-Modernism kunye neendinyana ezigcwele amaphupha namaphupha.

Iziqendu zesizwe

Iziqendu zesizwe.

Iziqendu zesizwe.

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Iziqendu zesizwe

Ingqokelela ye Iziqendu zesizwe igubungela amashumi amane anesithandathu iinoveli zembali, yenziwa phakathi kuka-1872 no-1912. Ezi zicatshulwa zihlelwe ngokulandelelana ezintlanu ezibandakanya imbali yaseSpain ukusuka kwiMfazwe yaseSpain yeNkululeko ukuya kuBuyiso lweBourbon. Ngenxa yolu ngcelele lukhulu, uGaldós wayefanele ukufumana umvuzo we-Chroniclerler yaseSpain.

Ngokukodwa, uGaldós wazifunda iinkcukacha zeemfazwe zikaNapoleon kuyise (owayeyinxalenye yomkhosi waseSpain). Ngendlela enye, umbhali wayelingqina lodidi lokuqala kubuyiso lweBourbon, kunye neziganeko ezinje ngobusuku obungapheliyo bukaSan Daniel (1865) kunye novukelo lweesajini zeSan Gil (1866).

Uthotho lokuqala

  • Trafalgar (1873).
  • Inkundla kaCharles IV (1873)
  • Ngomhla we-19 kuMatshi nango-Meyi 2 (1873).
  • UBailen (1873).
  • UNapoleon eChamartín (1874).
  • Zaragoza (1874).
  • IGerona (1874).
  • Cádiz (1874).
  • UJuan Martin iNkani (1874).
  • Imfazwe yeeArapile (1875).

Uthotho lwesibini

  • Imithwalo kaKing Joseph (1875).
  • Isikhumbuzo senkundla esivela ngo-1815 (1875).
  • Ingubo yesibini (1876).
  • UMpuma oMkhulu (1876).
  • 7 ngoJulayi (1876).
  • Amakhulu Amakhulu Oonyana baka-Saint Louis (1877).
  • Uloyiko lwango-1824 (1877).
  • Ivolontiya elifanelekileyo (1878).
  • Abapostile (1879).
  • Enye inyani kwaye ezinye iifriyi zincinci (1879).

Uthotho lwesithathu

  • Zumalacarregui (1898).
  • Mendizabal (1898).
  • Ukusuka kwiOñate ukuya kwiFama (1898).
  • umlo (1899).
  • Iphulo leMaestrazgo (1899).
  • Ikhuriya yothando (1899).
  • IVergara (1899).
  • IMontes de Oca (1900).
  • ILos Ayacuchos (1900).
  • Imitshato yasebukhosini (1900).
Caphula ngo Benito Pérez Galdós.

Caphula ngo Benito Pérez Galdós.

Uthotho lwesine

  • Izaqhwithi zika '48 (1902).
  • UNarvaez (1902).
  • Iibhokhwe ze-clique (1903).
  • Uguquko lwangoJulayi (Ngo-1903 ukuya ku-1904).
  • O'Donnell (1904).
  • UAita Tettauen (Ngo-1904 ukuya ku-1905).
  • UCarlos VI kwiRapita (1905).
  • Ehlabathini lonke kwiNumancia (1906).
  • Prim (1906).
  • Lowo uneendawo ezilusizi (1907).

Uthotho lwesihlanu

  • Spain ngaphandle kokumkani (Ngo-1907 ukuya ku-1908).
  • Intlekele yaseSpain (1909).
  • Amadeo mna (1910).
  • IRiphabhlikhi yokuqala (1911).
  • Ukusuka eCartago ukuya eSagunto (1911).
  • Canovas (1912).

Izimvo, shiya eyakho

Shiya uluvo lwakho

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  1. Uxanduva lwedatha: UMiguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Injongo yedatha: Ulawulo lwe-SPAM, ulawulo lwezimvo.
  3. Umthetho: Imvume yakho
  4. Unxibelelwano lwedatha: Idatha ayizukuhanjiswa kubantu besithathu ngaphandle koxanduva lomthetho.
  5. Ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha
  6. Amalungelo: Ngalo naliphi na ixesha unganciphisa, uphinde uphinde ucime ulwazi lwakho.

  1.   UGustavo Woltmann sitsho

    Inkcazo ebalaseleyo yomntu omnye wababhali ababalaseleyo beCastilian. Inqaku elihle.
    -Gustavo Woltmann.