Ukwazi malunga nenoveli yembali yaseSpain, okokuqala kufuneka ucacise ukuba luhlobo oluthile okanye luhlobo lwenoveli. Kule meko, akukho mvumelwano; ezinye izifundiswa zithatha inoveli yezembali njengesebe leveli, abanye bakhetha ukuyinika inkululeko. Ngokuqinisekileyo, inkcazo yokuvumelana ngoku ikhomba "kwimbali ende eneembali zembali."
Ngayiphi na imeko, into engenakuphikiswa yile Inoveli yembali yaseSpain yavela ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Le nkqubo yayikukuphinda ucinge ngobuRoma obenziwe ngaphakathi kweziganeko ezinokuthenjwa. Ngenxa yoko, inoveli isuka ekuphakanyisweni yimvakalelo ukuya kulwakhiwo lweziganeko zokwenyani kunye / okanye abalinganiswa, kubandakanya amacandelo ayintsomi (angaze atshintshe ikhosi yoqobo yeziganeko).
Abanduleli benoveli yembali yaseSpain
Nangona kunzima ukufumanisa eyona mvelaphi, Incwadana yokuqala yembali yaseSpain yabhalwa nguRafael Húmara y Salamanca, URamiro, u-Count kaLucena (Ngo-1823). Ngale nto, kwisandulela sayo inkcazo ebhaliweyo enomdla malunga nentsingiselo ye inoveli yembali. Emva koko kwavela Amacandelo eCastile (Ngo-1830) nguRamón López Soler, njengenye yamaqhekeza obuvulindlela.
Nangona ezi ncwadi zingakhange ziphule ngokupheleleyo ukubhalwa kwothando ngelo xesha, baqala inoveli enjalo. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukukhankanya imisebenzi kaJosé de Espronceda (1808-1842), u-Enrique Gil y Carrasco (1815-1846) okanye uFrancisco Navarro Villoslada (1818-1895). Ekugqibeleni, UBenito Pérez Galdós kunye noPío Baroja baba ngabona bantu babalaseleyo.
Iziqendu zesizwe (Ngo-1872-1912), nguBenito Pérez Galdós
Umbhali
UBenito Pérez Galdós, wayengumbhali wenoveli waseSpain, owayengumbhali wembali kunye nezopolitiko, owazalelwa eLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, nge-10 kaMeyi ngo-1843. Nangona kunjalo, Umbhali waseCanarian waqhekeza ngokupheleleyo nale ntshukumo ekhangela amabali ayinyani enkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Ngoko ke, wakwazi ukuphucula ubume inoveli zembali.
Kwakhona, waye waqatshelwa njengombhali kwindalo iphela ngokubalisa kwakhe ngokucacileyo kunye nabalinganiswa abomelele ngokwasemoyeni (inoveli eSpain ngexesha lakhe). Kwaye ukuba oko akwanelanga, Umsebenzi wakhe omninzi wamenza waba lilungu leNobel Prize yoNcwadi ngo-1912, ngaphandle
ngaphezulu kokuba lilungu leRoyal Spanish Academy. UBenito Pérez Galdós Usweleke eMadrid ngoJanuwari 4, 1920.
Inqaku elipheleleyo lembali
Iziqendu zesizwe Ngumsebenzi owenziwe ngamanoveli angama-46 akhutshwa ngezavenge ezintlanu phakathi kowe-1873 nowe-1912. Olu luhlu lubonisa ingxelo yembali yaseSpain engaphaya kweminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe (1805-1880). Ngokuhambelana, igubungela iminyhadala enje ngeMfazwe yase-Spain yeNkululeko okanye uBuyiso lweBourbon.
nayo, ukubheja kombhali kudibanise inyani yezembali nabalinganiswa ocinga okanye iimeko ukuze ubale kwaye uphonononge imicimbi yexesha elidlulileyo, ukusuka ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, zonke izicatshulwa ezikolu ngcelele zinetoni esondeleyo, esondeleyo okanye eqhelekileyo uPérez Galdós ayinika imicimbi ebaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe.
Iinkumbulo zomntu osebenzayo (Ngo-1913 - 1935), nguPío Baroja
Isishwankathelo sebali yombhali
Uzalelwe eSpain ngoDisemba 28, 1872, UPío Baroja y Nessi wayengumlobi obalaseleyo wesizukulwana sama-98. Nangona kunjalo, nangona wayefundela ubugqirha, wazinikela ekubhaleni, ngakumbi inoveli kunye neqonga. Ngapha koko, waba ngumlinganiso wolu hlobo lwexesha lakhe.
Kwelinye icala, umbhali uhlakulele ubunyani kwindibano yakhe ebhaliweyo, ephawulwe kakhulu kukuziphatha kwakhe kunye nombono ongenathemba ngobomi. Ngokulinganayo, kwiinoveli zakhe kubonakala ukungahambelani kunye nokugxeka ubuntu eluntwini, Kunye notyekelo lwezopolitiko lokuchasa ubufundisi kunye - ngamanye amaxesha - utyekelo lokungazithembi. UPío Baroja wasweleka eMadrid ngo-1956.
Incwadana yembali kwimiqulu engama-22
Con Iinkumbulo zomntu osebenzayo, UPío Baroja wapapasha iseti yeenoveli ezingama-22 zembali phakathi kowe-1913 nowe-1935. U-Eugenio de Aviraneta, usopolitiki okhunjulwa kakuhle okhululekileyo wase-Spain, ufunyanwa njengomlinganiswa ophambili kunye nomntu ophambili, iyelenqe kwaye, ngapha koko, ukhokho wombhali.
Iihambo nemfihlakalo
U-Baroja uthathe lo mntu ubalulekileyo kwaye ubalulekile kwimbali yezopolitiko zase-Spain, ukuxelela iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo ngobomi bakhe. Ukulungiselela le njongo, wasebenzisa umxholo wemfazwe yenkululeko yaseSpain ukuphuhlisa iseti yamabali aqukethe i-adventure kunye nezahlulo eziyimfihlakalo.
Ngendlela yokuba umfundi unokufumana i-biography enomdla kunye nengakholekiyo ye-Aviraneta ebekwe embindini weziganeko zembali i-neuralgic kwisizwe. Phakathi kwabo: umlo phakathi kwabakhululekileyo kunye nenkululeko, uhlaselo lwaseFrance lwaMakhulu amawaka oonyana bakaSan Luis de kwaba liMfazwe yokuQala yoLuhlu.
Amajoni aseSalamis (2001), nguJavier Cercas
Umbhali
UJavier Cercas wazalelwa eIbahernando, eCáceres, eSpain, ngo-1962. Ungumbhali, umbhali wemihlathi kunye nonjingalwazi wephilology oye wazinikela ikakhulu kuhlobo lokubaliswa. Nangona wakhulela kusapho lwamaFalangist (abalandeli beli qela leengcinga zobu-fascist), wazikhwelela kwesi sikhundla esemncinci.
Ngo-1987, umbhali waseSpain wapapasha inoveli yakhe yokuqala (Iselfowuni); Kaninzi, kwafuneka ndilinde kude kube ngu-2001 nge Amajoni aseSalamis ukuzahlulela njengombhali. Kule tekisi, uCercas ubhengeza ubungqina bakhe obunqabileyo obunobungqina bokungabonakali kwemida phakathi kwembali kunye neentsomi.
Xa inoveli yembali iba umthengisi ogqibelele
Xa uJavier Cercas wapapasha inoveli yakhe yesine ngo-2001, Amajoni aseSalamis, Bendingazi ukuba izakuthengisa iikopi ezingaphezulu kwesigidi. Nokuba, Le noveli yembali ihlelwe ngabagxeki njenge "ibalulekileyo".
Uphuhliso lwayo lubonisa indlela esondelene kakhulu nombhali kunye nomsunguli weqela lezopolitiko laseSpain, uRafael Sánchez Maza.
Ulwakhiwo lwenoveli
Ngokuhambelana kukufunda okunomtsalane ekuboniseni ubomi obunomdla balo mlinganiswa ngokudibana neziganeko zembali ezichaziweyo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, uCercas wahlula umzimba wenoveli waba ngamacandelo amathathu: kweyokuqala, "Los amigos del bosque", umbalisi waphefumlelwa ukuba abhale ibali lakhe. Kwicandelo lesibini, "Amajoni aseSalamina", undoqo weziganeko uvezwa.
Okokugqibela, kwi "Ukuqeshwa eStockton", umbhali ucacisa amathandabuzo akhe malunga nokupapashwa. A) Ewe, imvelaphi yebali kukuvalwa kwemfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain, xa uSánchez Maza ebaleka ukudutyulwa. Emva kwexesha, ubanjwa lijoni elibusindisa ubomi bakhe kwaye libangele uCercas ukuba aphande ngalo mbandela. Kodwa iziganeko azicaciswanga ncam kule ncwadi.
Ezinye iinoveli zembali zaseSpain
- Imfazwe yoluhlu (Ngo-1908), nguRamón del Valle-Inclán
- Intliziyo yelitye eliluhlaza (Ngo-1942), nguSalvador de Madariaga
- Mna, Kumkani (1985), nguJuan Antonio Vallejo-Nájera
- Isithunzi sokhozi (Ngo-1993), uArturo Pérez-Reverte