Kweli nqanaba lonyaka ndihlala nditsalela kuye Olona candelo lwam luthandayo lolwimi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwalo ngokuchanekileyo. KuDisemba ophelileyo ndacebisa ezi ncwadana ngesihloko, ke namhlanje ndicebisa enye Izihloko ezingama-7 Kaninzi. Iigeksi zesifundo zihlala zinomntu okufuphi, nangaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, ukwenzela ukubonisana okanye ukufuna ukwazi okulula. Kodwa sele Ukuba ungumbhali, umhleli, intatheli okanye nje ungahambelani kwaye unonophele ngolwimi, zizipho ezinyanzelekileyo. Ndiyenzile kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo kunye naleyo iklasikhi esele inikwe uDon Fernando Lázaro Carreter Umngqungqo kwilizwi. Kodwa zininzi kakhulu. Makhe sibone ezi.
Umngqungqo kwilizwi -UFernando Lázaro Carreter
I-philologist, unjingalwazi kunye nomlawuli weRoyal Spanish Academy UFernando ULazaro Carreter kwaye wayeligunya kulo mbandela. Lo msebenzi, upapashwe ngo 1997, aqokelele amanqaku okokuqala ngqa eyayivele inesi sihloko sinye kumaphephandaba aseSpain naseLatin America. Ukuhlanganiswa kwakhe akubandakanyi nje kuphela ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kweSpeyin, kodwa kwakhona Ukubonakalisa kunye nengxelo yendaleko yoluntu ISpanish kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Uburharha bakhe, ubungqongqo kunye neprose zanceda ukusondeza umfundi okokuqala okokuqala phantse kwelo cala lixabisa kakhulu, kwaye kubonakala ngathi yonke imihla kukusetyenziswa kolwimi.
Bhala, yenza, uxele -Ziko laseCervantes
I-Instituto Cervantes liziko likarhulumente elenziwe yiSpain ngo-1991 ukukhuthaza kunye nokufundisa ulwimi lwesiSpanish kunye neelwimi ezisemthethweni. Kukwasasazwa inkcubeko yaseSpain naseLatin American. Ikho kwizixeko ezingama-90 kumazwe angama-43 kumazwekazi amahlanu. Inamakomkhulu amabini eSpain, engumbindi eMadrid nenye eAlcalá de Henares. Indawo yakho ekubhekiswa kuyo kwi-Intanethi yi IZiko eliSebenzayo leCervantes. Kwaye ke uhlelile kwaye wapapasha iincwadi ezininzi.
Le yenye indawo apho, esebenzisa ithuba lokubhala esikufumana sonke amaxesha ngamaxesha, ufuna ukusibonisaIzitshixo zokuba ngababali beendaba abaphumelelayo okanye ukuphucula ubuchule bethu. Ayinamsebenzi nokuba singabokuqala ixesha okanye ukuba sele sinenqanaba elithile kwaye sifuna ukwazi ngokweenkcukacha ezona zixhobo ziphambili kulwakhiwo loncwadi. Ke izikhombisi zibonelelwe kwimiceli mngeni eyahlukeneyo yombhali: indlela yokwenza woyise ibhlokhi uyilo okanye uyile umbono, funda iziseko malunga nolwakhiwo, iindlela zokusondela ebalini, okanye indlela yokubhala umboniso okanye uphawu kumlinganiswa.
Iingwenya kwisichazi magama -Ziko laseCervantes
Ulwimi lwaseSpain lu Inkqubo eqhubekayo yotshintsho. Ukusetyenziswa okutsha, okanye ezo zithathwa njengezingalunganga ngoku, ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kugqitywa ukwamkelwa kwaye ziyinxalenye yesiqhelo. Kule ncwadi, une isitayile esikhawulezayo sokungakhathali kunye nemizekelo yokwenyani, sibona indlela izinto ezithi ekuqaleni zingachaneki ekugqibeleni zibe zichanekile. Ikwahlalutya indlela iSpanish esithethwa ngayo kunye ne-X-ray, ngakumbi eSpain. Ngamafutshane, icacisa ukuba yeyiphi na into efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa ngokomgangathokodwa ukujonga izizathu zokuba kutheni ezinye iindlela zinokuphumelela.
Yintoni efihlakeleyo eSpanish -UJuan Romeu
Kukhutshwa kulo nyaka, UJuan Romeu, onoxanduva lwewebhu Ngaphandle kweempazamo, isikhuthaza ukuba sifumanise Kutheni ulwimi lwaseSpain luyiyo le ndlela. Uyenza ngendlela emnandi kakhulu kwaye aqaqambisa ezine ??iimeko??: ?? i okwethutyana (iifosili esele zisindile, amagama anyamalalayo); ?? i isithuba (umahluko ngokwendawo kubume beSpanish yangoku); ?? i zentlalo (iirekhodi ezithandwayo, islangqa,); kwaye i Umbhalo (bhala njengokuba uthetha kwaye uthethe njengokuba ubhala).
IPalabrology -Virgilio Ortega
Ukususela kwi-2014. UVirilio Ortega waphumelela kwiFilosofi kunye neeleta kwaye uye Umlawuli wohlelo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amane, eSalvat, e-Ediciones Orbis, ePlaza naseJanés kwaye, ngaphezulu kwako konke, kwiPlaneta DeAgostini. Le yeyakhe incwadi yesithathu njengombhali.
Kule ncwadi sifumanisa ngendlela yokonwabisa ulwimi luvele njani ukusuka eYiputa, eGrisi naseRoma, ukuya kumaXesha Aphakathi, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kwangelo xesha linye siyabona ukuba le mpucuko yayihlala njani. Uhambo ngembali yamagama kunye nokwakheka kwawo okusinceda siqonde ukuba kutheni abanye besindile kwaye abanye bawela ekusetyenzisweni.
Ulwimi olude kakhulu -I-Lola Pons Rodríguez
ILola Pons Rodriguez Ungunjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseSeville kuMmandla woLwimi lwaseSpain kwaye ufundise iDialectology kunye neMbali yeSpanish kwiiDyunivesithi zaseTübingen naseOxford. Uphando lwakhe lujolise kwimbali yokutshintsha kweSpanish kunye nolwimi, Ukunika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwizinto ze-syntax. Unokulandela umsebenzi wakhe kwiwebhusayithi yakhe.
Le ncwadi ngu Ukuqokelelwa kwamabali malunga nexesha elidlulileyo nelangoku leSpanish kwaye ijolise ikakhulu kubafundi abasebenzisa olu lwimi. Bazi ezilikhulu amabali apho imibuzo efana ivelaphi iKutheni le nto kufuneka sibhale u-B no-V ukuba zibizwa ngokufanayo, okanye kutheni sikhalaza kakhulu malunga nokushunqulwa kwefowuni ephathekayo ukuba kumaXesha Aphakathi yayisele ifinyeziwe kakhulu.
Ulwimi kumajelo eendaba - UFernando Vilches Vivancos
UFernando Vilches ngu philologist kunye nonjingalwazi woLwimi lwaseSpain e-URJC. Upapashe iincwadi ezininzi ngezihloko zolwimi ezinje Isichazi-magama esitsha kwi-Net o Ukudelela ulwimi. Kwaye egxeka kakhulu ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kolwimi kwimidiya, wazisa eyokugqibela kaSeptemba.
Umbhali ubonakalisa okokuqala kwihlabathi le Imidiya njengomboniso wentlalo siphi. Kwaye ububi belo luntu luxinzelelo okanye ubuqhetseba bezinto ezithi imithombo yeendaba nayo kufuneka ixhomekeke kwinto ekhawulezileyo. Esi santya solwazi sikhokelela kukungakhathali kunye nokukhathalela okuncinci kwifom apho kubalwa kumajelo osasazo abhaliweyo nakwimithombo yeendaba.
Zama ukwenza le ncwadi ibe umnxeba wokuthathela ingqalelo ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwethu ayisiyiyo kuphela imithombo yeendaba, kodwa nezopolitiko nabanye abasebenzisi ekufuneka beyisebenzisa esidlangalaleni.