UGonzalo de Berceo

UGonzalo de Berceo wayeyimbongi yaseSpain; inyaniso, Waziwa ngokubanzi ngokuthathelwa ingqalelo njengowokuqala kurhwebo lakhe kulwimi lwaseSpain. Uyabulelwa kwilizwe loncwadi ngomgangatho wokubhala kwakhe kumaxesha aphakathi. Umsebenzi wakhe wawumenza abengumntu onobhala nongumfundisi, okwizikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu. Imisebenzi yakhe yayiqhutywa kukuzinikela kwakhe okukhulu kunye nothando lwenkolo yobuKrestu.

Ngaphandle kokunandipha ukuthandwa ngexesha lakhe lokuba yindoda yokholo, UGonzalo de Berceo ukwazile ukugqitha ixesha ngenxa yendima yakhe njengombhali. Ubungangamsha beetalente zale nto yokuthelekisa kukuba kuthelekiswa kuphela nababhali besimo sePer Abbat, umbhali (umqokeleli) we Ingoma yam Cid.

Iprofayile yomntu

Ukuzalwa kunye nobuntwana

UMaese Gonzalo de Berceo wazalwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-1195, mhlawumbi malunga ne-1198 okanye i-XNUMX, eBerceo, eSpain. Lo mmandla ubekwe phakathi kweSan Millán de Cogolla (La Rioja) kunye neCalahorra, (Logroño). Nangona kungekho zirekhodi zemvelaphi yakhe kusapho okanye kubuntwana bakhe enjalo, kuyaziwa ukuba wayenomntakwabo, owayegcina ukuzibophelela kwicawa njengomfundisi.

Esengumntwana, uGonzalo wakhulela kumzi woonongendi eSan Millán de Suso. Nangona kunjalo, indlu yakhe yokufunda yayiya kuthi emva kweminyaka ibe yindlu yoonongendi yaseSan Millán de la Cogolla. Apho, wamkelwa njengombingeleli welizwe. Kwaye ngo-1221 wenza indlela yakhe njengomdikoni.

Kwi-1222, iRiojan ikhokele uqeqesho kwizifundo zakhe ezithandwayo eStudium Generale de Palencia -ifomathi yokuqala yaseyunivesithi kumaXesha Aphakathi. Emva kwexesha, ngo-1227 naphantsi kolawulo luka-Bishop Don Tello Téllez de Meneses, uBerceo wagqiba izifundo zakhe zemfundo ephakamileyo. Ngale mpu melelo, wazimisela njengelungu elibalulekileyo kunye nelona liphezulu kumyalezo wabefundisi.

Ukuguquguquka kwemonki

Ngaphandle kombingeleli nomdikoni, Nalo mntu wayezibanga eyonqulo wayengumbingeleli. Wenza oko ukusukela ngonyaka we-1237. Ukufanelekile ukuba wakhulela kumzi woonongendi-kwaye enesikhundla esikhulu sobugosa-umsebenzi wakhe awuzange ume apho. Ngokukhawuleza nje emva kokuba efumene ithuba, wazisebenzisa njengesikhokelo samaqela abafundi.

Kwangelo xesha, wayesebenza njengomfundisi-ntsapho wezokuvuma izono kunye ne-notary yecawa. Ukwahluka kolwazi kunye noqeqesho olubanzi kumenze waba ngumfundi ophambili, utitshala, umbhali kunye nengcali kwezoncwadi.

Inkolo yombongi

Ubomi bakhe njenge-monk babonisa indlela iivesi zakhe kunye nemisebenzi ebalisa ngayo. Intliziyo yomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala yayihlala iyi-idiosyncrasies yokunqula kunye nenkolo. U-Master Gonzalo wabona ubungangamsha kunye nokulula xa evakalisa iingoma zakhe ezingcwele nakwezithixo ezazonwabela ukunconywa kwakhe kwizindlu zoonongendi.

Imisebenzi yakhe yaba yindawo apho waphinda wenza khona ukuzinikela kwakhe kwicawa kunye nothando lokholo. Ukongeza, babeyindlela yokufikelela kufutshane ebantwini kwaye babe nethuba lokwandisa inkolo yabo ngeevesi zemibongo.

Umsebenzi wakhe obhalwayo ubukhulu becala wawusekwe kwiihagiographies. Oko kukuthi, kwimisebenzi yobomi egxile kwiingcwele nakweminye imifanekiso yenkolo.

Umyalezo wabaFundisi

Umntu akanakuthetha ngesiseko se-mester de clerecía ngaphandle kokukhankanya uGonzalo de Berceo. Ngokuhlala kwindawo ekhokelayo kwesi sikolo samadoda afundileyo, Umbhali wamaxesha aphakathi wayekwiphulo elinzima lokudala nokucokisa ulwimi lwesiCastilian ngokupheleleyo. Konke oku kwenzelwa ukutyebisa uncwadi kwaye ufumane isimbo salo.

Emva kokudibanisa ulwimi lwaseRiojan - oluqhelekileyo lwasemaphandleni - kunye nemibongo ye-minstrel, kunye nezinye iifom zoncwadi kunye nomama weelwimi zaseRomania, isiLatini, imbongi-ekugqibeleni-yahamba. Iziphumo zayo yonke le fusion zinegalelo ngendlela engathethekiyo ekwandiseni ulwimi lwaseSpain esele luhlanganisiwe kwihlabathi liphela, Ukuvula indlela, emva koko, ukuya kwi Imibongo yomntu ofundileyo.

I-cuaderna ngomsebenzi waseBerceo

Isitayela esilinywa nguGonzalo de Berceo, kwaye ngubani owamkela umyalezo we-pastor, owaziwa ngokuba yi-cuaderna nge. Luhlobo lwesitanza esiqhelekileyo kwimitha yaseSpain. Iqulethwe ziivesi ezine ezinamalungu alishumi elinesine (iAlexandria), yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini eehemistiya ezingama-7. Zonke zinemvumelwano yemvumelwano.

Igama lesakhelo nge Ivela emsebenzini wokuqala ngeSpanish obhalwe ngale ndlela. Ku malunga Incwadi ka-Alexandre, Umbongo ongumbhali ongaziwayo ngobomi buka-Alexander the Great. Igama lesiLatin libhekisa iquadrivium, ukwakheka kwezifundo ngokubanzi zexesha.

Isakhelo nge Yinguqulelo yesiCastilian yendinyana yase-Aleksandriya enemvelaphi yesiFrentshi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba eSpain obu vimba babukade busisitayile esisetyenziswa kuphela ngabefundisi okanye amadoda anezifundo.

Basque emsebenzini kaBerceo

Imbali ibalisa ukuba eSan Millán de la Cogolla monastery - apho uGonzalo wayekufuphi- kwakuthethwa isiBasque, kunye needolophu ezininzi ezikufuphi neRiojan. Nangona imbongi edumileyo yafunda isiLatini kunye nezinye iilwimi zaseRoma ngoqeqesho lwayo lweecawa, amagama esiBasque ayengasweleki kwimisebenzi yakhe.

Ngapha koko, inxalenye enkulu yemisebenzi, iinguqulelo kunye namaxwebhu afunyenwe nguGonzalo de Berceo abhalwa ngesiBasque. Olu lwimi yeyona indala eYurophu. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi "Basque" yayisetyenziswa kakhulu kumaxesha aphakathi, njengesiLatin nesiCastilian. Ngapha koko, kusenokwenzeka ukuba umbhali unegalelo elibonakalayo ekubumbeni kwale yokugqibela.

Uhlalutyo lwemisebenzi yakhe

Inkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini yayihonjiswe ngosiba lwalo mbhali ubalaseleyo. Indlela kaGonzalo de Berceo kunye nothando lwakhe lwemibongo lwamkhokelela ekubeni atyebise uncwadi. Umsebenzi wakhe wawungekho ngaphezu kweevesi ezingama-13.000. Akulolize ukuba anikwe isihloko esithi "Bawo weengoma zeCastilian." Abanye abagxeki bachaza umsebenzi wakhe wobukrelekrele njengobalaseleyo kwaye uyamangalisa.

Uhlobo lwanaphakade

Ukukwazi kwakhe ukubhala akuzange kubonise uhlobo lobundlobongela, ngokuchasene noko. UBerceo uphumeze imiboniso yoopopayi, yemveli, ethobekileyo, kunye nelali kunye nenkolo. Amava akhe kuguqulelo lwemisebenzi eyayibhalwe ngaphambili ngesiLatin, ikwakhuphe okukuqala kwingxoxo yokubhala kwakhe nangengqondo yokuba wanikela ngobomi bakhe.

Umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala wawusenziwa rhoqo phantsi kokuphunyezwa kwecuaderna nge. Oku, de wasweleka eSan Millan de la Cogolla, phakathi kuka-1264 okanye u-1268.

Umbongo wesithathu kunye neenguqulelo

Ukuguquguquka kukaBerceo kunempembelelo ebonakalayo kwiincwadi ezingcwele, nakwimimoya eyimfihlakalo yenkolo. Imisebenzi yakhe iququzelelwe ngumbongo wesithathu apho bavela khona:

• Ubomi babangcwele.
• UMarian uyasebenza.
• Imisebenzi yeemfundiso.

Ngezizathu ezicacileyo, ukusebenza kwakhe kwimibongo kwaphenjelelwa luthotho lweenguqulelo zamaculo ecawa awayezenza.

Ixesha labangcwele

Isebenza njenge Ubomi baseSan Millán, Ubomi baseSanto Domingo de Silos, Umbongo weSanta Oria kunye nokufela ukholo kukaSan Lorenzo, yenza eli nqanaba lokuqala. Iphawulwa ngokugxininisa kwimicimbi yabalinganiswa bayo. Iinkcukacha zayo kunye nemincili yomculo yayisekwe kwiziseko zaseLatin nakwizithethe zonqulo.

UMarian wangoku

Kule nqanaba lokuzinikela kwiNtombikazi kaMariya, uBerceo uzuze izihloko ezintathu eziyiziqwenga eziphambili: Ukudumisa uMama wethu, Ukulila kweNtombikazi kunye neMimangaliso kaMama wethu, okokugqibela ngowona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo. Icacile ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezintle kunye neentsomi kunina kaYesu.

Olu luhlu lwemibongo engamashumi amabini anesihlanu luchaza uMariya njengomlingisi othethelela uThixo kuwo onke amakholwa, esenza imimangaliso eyahlukeneyo yesicelo ngasinye. Ngalo mbongo umnqweno kaGonzalo de Berceo yayikukukhuthaza ukholo eluntwini.

Malunga nemfundiso

Ngeli xesha, imisebenzi yoncwadi efana: Kwimiqondiso ebonakala ngaphambi koMgwebo wokugqibela y Kwedini lobunzima, manyanisa isiqu sesithathu sombongo salo mbhali udumileyo. Ngesihloko sokuqala, ibhekisa kumxholo wesigwebo sokugqibela esaziwayo seBhayibhile kunye neempawu ezahlukileyo umhlaba oya kuba nazo ngaphambi kwesi siganeko.

Kwelinye icala, kwincwadi yesibini, uBerceo wachaza ngokweenkcukacha umqondiso wamanqanaba obunzima. Uye wenza inkcazo yeentshukumo zababingeleli, ngokungathi yincwadi yesikhokelo.

Imimangaliso yoMama wethu, iqhekeza (iivesi ukusuka ngo-1265 ukuya ku-1287)

XIV

“ISan Miguel de la Tumba yindawo enkulu yoonongendi,

Ulwandle lujikeleze yonke into, u-Elli uphakathi,

I-logig ye-periglossal iyahlupheka ngenxa ye-lazerio enkulu

iimonki ezihlala essi ciminterio.

Kweli khaya leemonki silonyulileyo,

i-avié yeemonki ezilungileyo, indawo elungileyo yoonongendi,

Isibingelelo seGloriosa esityebileyo kwaye sibiza kakhulu,

kuwo umfanekiso otyebileyo wexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu.

Umfanekiso lowo wayehleli etroneni yakhe.

Ndizinzile ezingalweni zakhe, kulisiko,

Ukuhleka okumjikelezileyo, bendihamba kunye,

njengoko ukumkanikazi osisityebi kaThixo engcwalisiwe.

Ndinesithsaba esityebileyo njengendlovukazi esisityebi,

Ukutyalwa kwayo okutyebileyo endaweni yekhethini,

Yayilungelelene kakuhle, yelavour entle kakhulu,

Ndandixabiseke kakhulu ebantwini ngaphezu kwe avié vezina ”.

Gcwalisa uluhlu lwemisebenzi yakhe

Imibongo

• Ubomi baseSan Millán.
• Ubomi beSanto Domingo de Silos.
• Umbongo kaSanta Oria.
• Ukubulawa kukaSt.Lawrence.
• Iindumiso zikaMama wethu.
• Ukulila kweNtombikazi.
• Imimangaliso yoMama wethu.
• Kwimiqondiso evela phambi koMgwebo wokuGqibela.
• Kwedini lobunzima.

Amaculo

• Ukusuka kwi-Ave maris stella.
• Yiza uMdali woMoya.
• Ukusuka kuChristi, qui lux es et et uyafa.

Eminye imisebenzi

• INgcwele yeVirgin Auria.
• Umbongo ka-Alesandire Omkhulu.
• Ubomi bukaSan Lorenzo.
• ICantica.