UGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

UGaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744-1811) wayengumbhali ogqithisileyo woonobumba baseSpain benkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX. Imisebenzi yakhe yayingumthetho kunye nomantyi. Imibhalo ka "Jovino" -esinye seziqhulo sakhe sobugcisa- zigqamile kulimo olumnandi lolwimi lwaseSpain noncwadi. Lo mgangatho ubonakala ngokucacileyo kwimibongo yakhe, ethathelwa ingqalelo phakathi kwelona xesha lilungileyo.

UJovellanos wayechongwa ngokuphathwa ngokugqwesileyo kolunye uhlobo, ngakumbi ngobuchule bakhe bendalo. Ngendlela enye, Uphuhlise i-lyric ephuculweyo kunye ne-satire njengoko icokisiwe njengoko yayikhathaza. Hayi lilize, inani lakhe kuthathwa ukuba ngumpolitiki ukhanyiselwe. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, ungumbhali onobunzima obufanelekileyo kwimbali yezopolitiko neyoncwadi yaseSpain.

I-Biography

Ukuzalwa, ubuntwana, izifundo kunye nolutsha

Wabhaptizwa uBaltasar Melchor Gaspar María, wazalelwa eGijon, ngoJanuwari 5, 1744. Intsapho yakowabo yayihloniphekile, nangona yayisisityebi. Kwasebusaneni wabonisa uqeqesho oluncomekayo kumntu omncinci kangaka, njengoko edibanise ngokugqibeleleyo uxanduva lwakhe lokufunda nothando lokubhala. Ngelo xesha, yena ingakumbi nefuthe imisinga kukhanyiselwa.

Emva kokujika i-13 wazinza e-Oviedo ukuze afunde ifilosofi eyunivesithi yaloo dolophu. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, swafudukela e-Avila ukuya kugqibezela i-baccalaureate yakhe eCánones. Wafumana isidanga sakhe kwiDyunivesithi yaseSanta Catalina de El Burgo de Osma (1761). Wafumana isidanga sakhe ngo-1763 kwiYunivesithi yaseSanto Tomás de ilavila.

Imisebenzi yokuqala

Emva kokugqiba uqeqesho lobufundisi kwi-Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso kwiYunivesithi yaseAlcalá (1764-1767), wafudukela eSeville. Pha, wamiselwa njengomantyi wenkundla yaseRoyal kwaye ngo-1774 wanikwa isikhundla sokuba nguSodolophu woLwaphulo-mthetho kunye no-Oidor wekomkhulu laseAndalusian.. Kunyaka olandelayo, uJovellanos wakhonza njengonobhala wezobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa kwiSociedad Patriótica Sevillana.

Kwangokunjalo, ngo-1773 uGaspar oselula wagqiba ukubhala ukubhala kwakhe ngokusesikweni (okumangalisayo) Isaphuli-mthetho esinyanisekileyo (epapashwe ngo-1787). Malunga nelo xesha, I-Jovellanos ivelise iziqwenga ze-neoclassical, phakathi kwazo UJovino kubahlobo bakhe eSalamanca y Kubahlobo bakho baseSeville. Eyokuqala yayiyeyokuziphatha, okwesibini sisiqwenga somsindo.

Kwikomkhulu

Kwafika iJovellanos Madrid e 1778. Ngoxa wayelapho, wangena njengelungu leNdlu yeeDolophu zeNdlu kunye neNkundla. Kwiminyaka elandelayo wangeniswa kwiRoyal Academy yezeMbali (1779), iRoyal Academy yaseSan Fernando (1780) kunye neRoyal Spanish Academy (1781). Ngexesha lokuqala le-1780s wayelilungu leBhunga leeMyalelo zoMkhosi.

Ukongeza, ingqondi yaseGijonia yayingomnye wabaxhasi beBanco de San Carlos (1782) kunye neSociedad Económica Matritense (1784). Phakathi kwemibhalo yakhe efanelekileyo kwimicimbi yezorhwebo yelo xesha yile Ingxelo ngomthetho wezolimo. Apho ke, ukhusela inkululeko yomhlaba kwaye uxhasa uguquko olunzulu kwezolimo lwaseSpain.

Ukuphela kweengcamango ezibonisiweyo

Uvukelo lwaseFrance luphawule ukuphela kweengcamango zoKhanyiso kunye nokuhamba kukaJovellanos kwiNkundla. Ngesi sizathu, umbhali wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe, apho wabhala khona Bonisa ingxelo kwiRoyal Academy yezeMbali. Ukuqala ngo-1790, waya e-Asturias, eCantabria nakwilizwe laseBasque ukuze afunde imeko yemigodi yamalahle. Isiphelo sakhe sasilungile kukonyusa imveliso.

Emva kwexesha, phantsi korhulumente wobumbano lukaManuel Godoy kunye neFrance eguqukayo, uJovellanos wavuma ukuba nguMphathiswa Wezobulungisa Nobulungisa. Nangona wayekweso sikhundla ngaphezulu nje konyaka (1797), walushiya uphawu ngenxa yeenjongo zakhe zokuguqula izinto. Ngokukwanjalo, wayeyichasa ngokuqinileyo iNkundla yokuNcina Amakholwa kunye neempazamo zeCawa.

Ukugxothwa

Emva kokuhlala nje okwexeshana eGijon njengoCeba kaRhulumente, ngo-1800 uGodoy wayalela ukuba abanjwe kwaye agxothwe eMallorca. Isizathu: UJovellanos wagwetywa ngokuzisa eSpain ikopi yencwadi engavumelekanga, Isivumelwano sentlalontle, de Rousseau. Ukongeza, umbhali wase-Asturian wayechaphazeleke kakhulu kukukhula kwendlela yesiko elichasene nokukhanyiselwa ngelo xesha.

Ungayithenga le ncwadi apha: Isivumelwano sokufundisa esisebenzayo

Kwisiqithi seMeditera wachaza Imemori kwimfundo yoluntu (1802). Ngendlela efanayo, ngelixa wayevalelwe kwiNqaba yaseBellver, wabhala Iinkumbulo zembali malunga nenqaba yaseBellver (epapashiweyo emva kwesidumbu) kunye Unyango olusebenzayo lwethiyori malunga nokufundisa (1802). Ekugqibeleni, ukhululwe kwiminyaka emithathu phambi kokusweleka kwakhe, neyenzeka nge-27 kaNovemba ngo-1811.

Ilifa

UJovellanos wayengumbhali wenani elinomtsalane lezigwebo, isohlwayo kunye neengxelo zomthetho kwiBhunga eliPhakamileyo leCastile. Kwangokunjalo, umgangatho wayo ocacileyo ubonakala xa uhlalutya ububanzi bolwazi kwiindawo ezinjengezoqoqosho, ezembali, ezemfundo, ijografi kunye nobugcisa. Ayothusi into yokuba umsebenzi wakhe obhaliweyo ugubungela ngaphezulu kweempapasho ezingamashumi amahlanu.

Ukongeza, wabonisa umdla obaluleke kakhulu kwi-ethology yamaqela abantu. Ewe, imbono yombhali waseGijon yayihlala yahlulwa ngendlela ebanzi yommandla ngamnye okanye into efundwayo, equlunqwe ngendlela ecokisekileyo. Ngesi sizathu, iJovellanos ithathwa njengesiqalo sezinto ezininzi zenzululwazi eziye zaphuhliswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.

Imisebenzi yakhe eyaziwa kakhulu

Ithiyetha

• Pelayo / Munuza, intlekele (1769).
• Isaphuli-mthetho esinyanisekileyo (1774).

Ukuqanjwa kwemibongo kunye nokuthandana

• Indumiso yomngcwabo weMarquis de los Llanos de Alguazas (1780).
• Ekudumiseni uCarlos III (1788).

Idayari kunye neenkumbulo

• Diario (Ngo-1790 ukuya ku-1801).
• Iinkumbulo zosapho (1790-1810).
• Ijenali yokuhamba esuka eBellver (Mallorca) ukuya eJadraque (Guadalajara). Buya ekuthinjweni (1808).

imfundo

• Xela kwi-Protomedicato kwimeko ye-Seville Medical Society kunye nofundo lwezoNyango kwiYunivesithi yayo (1777).
• Ummiselo kurhulumente wezoqoqosho, weziko kunye noncwadi weKholeji ye-Immaculate Conception yaseSalamanca, ngokwesicwangciso esitsha esivunywe yiNgangalala ngokubonisana neRoyal Council of Orders (1790).
• Iinkumbulo zokufundisa. (Ngo-1790-1809).
• Ummiselo weRoyal Asturian Institute (1793).
• Umthandazo kwisidingo sokudibanisa ukufundwa koncwadi kunye nokwenzululwazi (1797).
• Cwangcisa ukulungiselela izifundo zeDyunivesithi (1798).
• Isicwangciso semfundo sabanodumo kunye neeklasi ezizityebi (1798)
• Imemori kwimfundo yoluntu okanye ithiyori-esebenzayo yokufundisa ngokufaka isicelo ezikolweni nakwiikholeji zabantwana (1802).
• Iisiseko zokwenziwa kwesicwangciso ngokubanzi soMyalelo woLuntu (1809).

Qoqosho

• Unobangela wokuhla kwemibutho yezoqoqosho (1786).
• Ingxelo kwiFayile yoMthetho wezoLimo (1794).
• Ingxelo ngokukhutshwa kweoyile kwizikumkani zangaphandle. Ngo-1774.
• Ingxelo kuphuhliso lwaselwandle lomrhwebi (1784).
• Ingxelo ngokutshintsha indlela entsha yesilika (1789).

Ubugcisa

• Isicwangciso sokuphucula ngokubanzi sicetywayo kwiBhunga lesiXeko saseGijon (1782).
• Xela kwiBhodi Jikelele yezoRhwebo kunye neMali ekusebenziseni simahla kwezobugcisa (1785).
• Imemori yenqaba yaseBellver, inkcazo yezembali kunye nezobugcisa (1805).

Kwezopolitiko

• Ukumelwa kokuqala kuCarlos IV (1801).
• Ukumelwa okwesibini kuCarlos IV (1802).
• Umelo lukaFernando VII (1808).
• Imemori ekukhuseleni iBhodi ePhambili (1811).