Iincwadi eziGqwesileyo zaseYurophu

Nangona uncwadi lwalukho kuzo zonke iinkcubeko zehlabathi ukusukela mandulo, ilizwekazi elidala laba sesinye seziseko zengcinga zaseNtshona kunye nokubalisa. Ezi Ezona ncwadi ziseYurophu Abachazi nje umzuzwana kwimbali, bahlala bekwixesha elingenasiphelo nakwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX kwaye mhlawumbi nangonaphakade.

IOdyssey, nguHomer

Umsebenzi owomeleza uncwadi lwaseYurophu nolweNtshona ngokwawo Ibuyela emva ixesha elide, ngakumbi ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX BC apho, ngokutsho kweengcali, lo mbongo wagqitywa. Idityaniswe ngamabali awahlukeneyo emicroscosm yesiGrike ehambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nebali, I-odyssey ubalisa eyindumasi ukubuyela kuka-Odysseus e-Ithaca emva kokoyiswa kweTroy, indawo yokuhlala eyindalo egqithileyo kuyo yonke imbali, ekhuthaza sonke isizukulwana sababhali kunye neengcinga.

UDon Quixote de la Mancha, nguMiguel de Cervantes

Uthathelwe ingqalelo njengowona msebenzi mkhulu, hayi amazwi ethu kuphela, Don Quixote iphembelele umhlaba ukuba ungene kwimibono yawo kude kuvulwe amehlo. Yapapashwa ngo-1605 kwaye yakhulelwa njenge-satire yenoveli ye-chivalric ngenxa yethoni yayo ye-burlesque, ii-adventures ze-hidalgo ezivela eLa Mancha ezazikhangela i-Dulcinea yakhe ayithandayo zaza zathatha amatye okusila e-La Mancha izigebenga indlela yokuqala yokwenyani Ingayichaza ngonaphakade imisebenzi yaseYurophu eya kuthi ifike kwiminyaka nakwiminyaka kamva.

Ukuziphakamisa kunye noKhetho, nguJane Austen

Indima yabasetyhini kuncwadi ebengasoloko eyonwabela inkululeko yanamhlanje. Inyaniso, ababhali abanjengoEmily Brontë okanye uJane Austen basebenzise amagama abizwa ngokuba ngamadodaLixesha lokuba upapashe imisebenzi yakhe kwihlabathi elilawulwa ngabantu. Ngethamsanqa nini Ikratshi nomkhethe Yapapashwa ngo-1813, into ethile yawa phakathi kwihlabathi leeleta; into ezisa isigqebelo, ubuqili kunye nobufazi. Ibali lendalo yonke likaElizabeth Bennet njengowesifazane ozimeleyo ozimisele ukungathobeli ukuthandana kwendoda egqibeleleyo sele lixesha elingaphaya kokuba ibe ngumsebenzi oyimfuneko ukuba ufundwe ngaxa lithile, kodwa umzekelo incwadi ingalitshintsha njani ilizwe.

Ibali leziXeko ezibini, nguCharles Dickens

Nangona enye yeefayile ze- ababhali abakhulu kwimbali Wanikela ngenxalenye yobomi bakhe ekubhaleni amabali okugxekwa kwezentlalo ngabantwana abanjengoOliver Twist okanye iKarimesi yeKarimesi, nomsebenzi ekuthethwa ngawo apha uCharles Dickens watsibela kwelinye iligi, enika umhlaba enye yeenoveli eziyimfuneko zexesha lakhe. Imbali yezixeko ezibini Ijongana namabali amabini acwangciswe kwiNgilani enoxolo kunye naseFrance yangaphambi kohlaziyo ukuthelekiswa kwamazwe amabini ahluke ngokupheleleyo: enye izolile kwaye izinzile, kwaye enye inokungazinzi kwaye iphindezele. Kukulungele ukuqonda ukuba isiqephu sentlalontle esasiyinguqulelo yaseFrance ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Kunye noDon Quixote, uDickens 'magnum opus ngu incwadi ethengisa kakhulu kwimbali.

Madame Bovary, nguGustave Flaubert

IFlaubert yaseFrance yayihlala ingumbhali obukhali. Ngapha koko, unokuchitha iinyanga neenyanga elungisa umhlathi omnye womsebenzi wakhe ukuze uwenze ugqibelele. Ngesi sizathu, ayisothusi loo nto Madam Bovary igqithile njengomnye wemisebenzi emikhulu yexesha layo nanjengomzobo osisiseko sawo sihlala singenasiphelo. Ukungangqinelani kwendalo iphela komntu Kulapha kuthathwe ngamehlo kaEmma, ​​umfazi kagqirha othi, ngaphandle kobomi obugqibeleleyo, alangazelele enye into, efuna ukugcwalisa isithuba esingenakuzaliswa ngamaqela aphezulu oluntu okanye uzinzo. Ifunyenwe njenge uhlalutyo lwamaGrike aseFransi ngekhulu le-XNUMX leFransi, Madame Bovary ngomnye wemisebenzi emikhulu yokwenyani kunye nendalo, ejolise kwisisombululo njengoko ityhila njengokuba inamandla.

Ulysses, nguJames Joyce

Kuyo yonke imbali bekukho imisebenzi ephefumlele uthando kunye nentiyo, ezigqityiweyo ngokulula ngokufanayo nomfundi ojolise ekuzimiseleni ukuzintywila emsebenzini ontsonkothileyo njengoko ukhethekileyo. Ulysses Ngomnye wabo, nangona abagxeki bengazange bayamkele emva kokupapashwa kwayo ngo-1922, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwe-monologue yangaphakathi apho abafundileyo babengaziqhelanga. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha liphelile ukukhulisa i-Olimpiki yoncwadi oku Inguqulelo yanamhlanje yeHomer's Odyssey ukuba uJoyce wafudukela eDublin ngeminyaka yoo-20 apho uLeopold Bloom wakhenketha khona ngemini enye yobomi bakhe. Enye yeencwadi ezilungileyo zaseYurophu kwimbali, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo.

Idayari ka-Ana Frank

Nangona uninzi lubhaliwe Iincwadi ezibekwe kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathiZimbalwa ezavela entliziyweni yento eyayisesona sigigaba sinegazi kwimbali. Idayari ka-Ana Frank, Ibhalwe yintombazana eneminyaka engama-13 yamaJuda ivalelwe kwindawo yokuhlala eAmsterdam nosapho olubalekayo amajoni amaNazi amaJamani ayityhilanga kungekuphela nje izoyikiso zaseYurophu kwii-40s zakuqala, kodwa nakwindalo iphela yentombazana ekhule ngokupheleleyo. yamaphupha kunye nethemba lokuba ukuya kwisiphumo sayo ucinga inkohlakalo ebhengeziweyo eqhubeka nokujija amathumbu akhe nawuphina umfundi.

Ngo-1984 nguGeorge Orwell

Umanduleli we a Isini sedyopopi Oko kungalihlupha ilizwe ukusukela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ngokubhekiselele kwiinguqu ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo ezenzeke ngenxa yeemfazwe zombini, u-1984 usaqhubeka nokuba yincwadi ekhoyo ngoku. Cwangcisa unyaka ngethamsanqa ohluke kumxholo womxholo womsebenzi, 1984 kusibeka eLondon yexesha elizayo elawulwa ngamaPolisa okucinga olawula zonke iintshukumo zebanjwa lehlabathi lalo "Big Brother." Into ehlekisayo ngayo kukuba umsebenzi ka-Orwell uhlala ucinga kangaka kwihlabathi elilawulwa yitekhnoloji kunye namandla amakhulu.

Zeziphi ezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo zaseYurophu ezikwimbali yakho?