Dadaism

I-Dadaism yintshukumo yobugcisa eyasekwa yimbongi yaseRomania uTristan Tzara (1896 - 1963). Kwimanifesto, umbhali wathi: “Ndichasene nazo zonke iinkqubo; eyona yamkelekileyo kwezi nkqubo kukuba kungabikho namnye njengomgaqo ”. Oku kuyakuba yinxalenye yesiseko seengcinga zangoku awayezikhulelwe. Kwangokunjalo, ababhali-mbali bathatha uHugo Ball (1886 - 1927) kunye noHans Arp (1886 - 1966) njengabanduleli balolu hlobo.

Igama layo livela kwigama lesiFrentshi elithi "dada" -thetha into yokudlala okanye ihashe elenziwe ngomthi-, ekhethwe ngokungaqhelekanga kwisichazi-magama (kwisenzo esingavakaliyo ngabom). Oku kuchaza kwaye kugxininisa ukunqongophala kwezikhokelo, isikhundla esichasene nesiko kunye necandelo le-anarchic ecacileyo ukusukela kwimvelaphi yentshukumo.

Umxholo wembali

ISwitzerland, indawo enelungelo

Ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi (ngo-1914 ukuya ku-1918), iSwitzerland- njengelizwe elingathath'icala-yabamba inani elikhulu leembacu. Kwinqanaba lobugcisa kunye nobukrelekrele, le meko ivelise ukudityaniswa okungafaniyo kwamagcisa avela kuzo zonke iimbombo zaseYurophu.

Ngaphandle kokwahluka okuqinisekileyo kwezenkcubeko kunye nenkcubeko, uninzi lwazo luvumile ngenqaku elinye: imfazwe yayiyimbonakalo yokwehla kweNtshona. Ngenxa yoko, isithembiso senkqubela phambili esenziwe yinkqubela phambili kwezenzululwazi kunye netekhnoloji yotshintsho lwesibini kwimizi-mveliso, kukhokelele ekufeni kwinqanaba elikhulu.

Impendulo yenkcubeko

Ukuphoxeka ekwabelwana ngako kwelo qela labazobi, ukufunda nokubhala kunye nabaphengululi babonisa indawo efanelekileyo yokuzala. Kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo zenzululwazi, inkolo, kunye nefilosofi-ngakumbi umbono-awusaziniki sisombululo kwiingxaki zaseYurophu. Ngokukwanjalo, abaxhasi be-Dadaism bazikhaba iindlela eziqhelekileyo zentlalontle.

Ke ICabaret Voltaire eZurich yabona ukuzalwa kukaDada ngo-1916. Oku kwakuthetha ukubonakaliswa kwe-burlesque ngokubhekisele kuluntu lwe-bourgeois kunye nobugcisa ngezindululo ezikhuthazayo (kuhlobo oluthile lobugcisa). Ke, isiseko seDadaism sigcina into engenakuphikiswa kunye neenjongo ezingagungqiyo ngokuchasene nomyalelo omiselweyo.

Izixhobo

Inqaku lokuqala elicacileyo le-Dadaism kukhefu kunye nemigangatho yemveli kunye nolondolozo. Ukuba ngumkhwa we-avant-garde, ovukelayo kunye nomphefumlo wokuqhankqalaza, imiba enje ngokuzenzekela kunye nokutsha kobugcisa ufumana isimilo se-neuralgic. Apho uphuculo kunye nentlonelo yoyilo zixatyiswa kakhulu.

Ngokufanayo, ezona mfundiso zingaguquguqukiyo yi-anarchism kunye ne-nihilism. Ngesi sizathu, amagcisa eDadaist kunye nababhali bathambekele ekukhangeleni isiphithiphithi kunye neepateni zobugcisa ezingahambelaniyo. Ngokunjalo, Imixholo engekho ngqiqweni, engekho ngqiqweni okanye engaqondakaliyo ihlala iphakathi, ngeedosi ezinkulu ze-ironies, radicalism, ukutshatyalaliswa, Ubundlongondlongo, ukuphelelwa lithemba ...

Umlo "onxamnye noncedo"

I-Dadaism yinto yangoku yengcinga yobugcisa ethe yavela ngokuchaseneyo ne-positivism yentlalo yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Abameli bayo bagxeka ngokungathandabuzekiyo indlela yokuphila yongxowankulu ngokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo kunye nohanahaniso "Yamkelekile ngokokuziphatha"; Kuphela nje babekruqukile yinkangeleko yayo.

Ngesi sizathu, iikhonsepthi ezinje ngobuzwe kunye nokunganyamezelani zijongwa kakubi kakhulu yingcinga kaDada. Kule meko, iimvakalelo zokuthanda izwe, ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nobungxowankulu buchongwa njengezona zinto zibangela ezona zenyanyekayo eluntwini: iimfazwe.

Unxibelelwano phakathi kwamacandelo

Akunakwenzeka ukudibanisa ubuDada kunye nobugcisa obunye kuphela. Ngokwenyani, Yinto yangoku edibanisa iinkalo ezininzi, eziguqula zibe zizonke. Ngesi sizathu, intshukumo yavela kwisandla seemanifesti ezahlukeneyo, ezisixhenxe zizonke. Zonke zibonisa intiyo yenxalenye yamaDada ngokubhekisele kubuhle kunye nobuhle ngenxa yenyani ebukhali yelizwekazi laseYurophu.

Ukuxabisa isenzo sobugcisa

Ngokusisiseko, umculi weDada kufuneka akhethe into ukuze ayinike injongo okanye intsingiselo. Akukho meko apho isenzo sobugcisa silandela naliphi na ibango lobuhle okanye ibango lomntu ngamnye. Ngamanye amagama, umzobi akangomvelisi wobuhle oqhelekileyo, ngokuchaseneyo, ayisenguye opeyintayo, osikayo okanye obhalayo. "Isenzo sobugcisa" sixatyisiwe ikakhulu.

Ezintsha

UbuDada buhamba kunye nobuchule bobugcisa obutsha, kubandakanya neefotomontage, ilungile yenziwe kunye nekholaji (eqhelekileyo kububism). Kwelinye icala, ifotomontage yinkqubo esekwe ekubekeni iziqwenga ezahlukeneyo zeefoto (kunye / okanye imizobo) ukwenza umfanekiso owahlukileyo.

Ngoxa i ilungile yenziwe kubandakanya ukungenelela okanye ukuguqula into yemihla ngemihla ngenjongo yokuyinika umgangatho wobugcisa (umyalezo) okanye intsingiselo. CNgenjongo efanayo, ikholaji ivela kwindibaniselwano yezinto (ezinokulungiswa), iziqabu, iifoto, imizobo kunye nezandi.

Uncwadi lweDadaism

Isindululo soncwadi sobuDada (ngabom) asinangqondo. Ibibandakanya ikakhulu uhlobo lwemibongo kwaye, ngokungqinelana neziseko zentshukumo, yalatha ekusebenziseni amagama ngokutsha. Apho ukulandelelana kwamagama okanye amabinzana kusilela intsingiselo ye-axiomatic okanye umtya odibeneyo wokuphikisana.

Iimpawu Imibongo Dadaist

• Ngokuchasene nolwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lweetrikri kunye nemixholo enxulumene nothando kunye nokuzithemba kwezentlalo.
• Ikwaqinisekisa ukuzaliseka kwelizwi.
• Ikhuthaza ububhanxa.
• Isimo sakhe sengqondo sihlekisa kwaye sibuhlungu, ngakumbi kwiifom zeklasikhi.

"Isikhokelo" sokuphuhlisa imibhalo yamaDada

Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokwenza imibongo kaDada kukunqunyulwa kwamaphephandaba. Okokuqala, kufuneka kubhalwe ubude bokubhaliweyo ukuze kubalwe inani lamagama afunekayo. Emva koko amagama asikiweyo abekwa ngaphakathi kwebhokisi (engabonakali) enomngxunya.

Amagama akwibhokisi ayaxutyushwa ukuqinisekisa ukungahleliwe. Okokugqibela, amagama ancanyathiselwe ephepheni njengoko evela. Isiphumo siya kuba kukulandelelana okungahambelaniyo kwemigaqo.

Ifowunela

Le ndlela-ebikade iqeshwe ngu- UGuillaume Apollinaire, umbhali onxulunyaniswe ne-cubism-wondla uncwadi lwe-dadaist. Obu buchule buthanda ukubekwa kwamagama ngokungacwangciswanga kwaye kuthintela unxibelelwano olunengqiqo. Nangona icalligram isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi ukwenza imizobo emide okanye yenziwe ngoonobumba.

Ukunyaniseka okungapheliyo

Nangona ii-collages zinxulunyaniswa ikakhulu ne-cubism, zikwayinxalenye yelifa "lobuDada. Okwangoku, obu buchule buvumela ukudibanisa ubugcisa abasixhenxe kulo msebenzi mnye. Ngapha koko, enkosi kwitekhnoloji ye-laser kunye neeprinta ze3D, Namhlanje kunokwenzeka ukwenza iikholaji ngobukhulu obuthathu ngoqikelelo “lokudada” lokumamela.

Ngapha koko, itekhnoloji ye-Industrial Revolution 4.0 ikhokelele kwindalo entsha yamathuba okudala. Nangeyiphi ndlela, Uninzi lweziseko zeDadaism (avant-garde, freshness, innovation, irreverence, impact ...) zinokubonakala kubugcisa beplastiki banamhlanje nakwimiboniso yobugcisa yenkulungwane ye-XXI.