Ramiro de Maeztu y Whitney nderimwe remazita anopokana munhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yeSpain pakupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. uye kutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri. Akazvarwa muVitoria, Basque Nyika, muna Chivabvu 4, 1874. Aive mwanakomana waManuel de Maeztu naRodríguez, mupfumi muridzi weCuba anobva kuCienfuegos. Amai vake vaive Juana Whitney, mwanasikana wediplomate weBritish, akaberekerwa kumahombekombe eFrance eNice.
Kubasa, akamira semutori wenhau (anozvidzidzisa). Paakapinda munhetembo, nhaurwa, uye mutambo, Kuwanda kwebasa rake rekunyora kunogadzirwa nezvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvemafungiro. Izvi akazvinyorera midhiya akasiyana muhupenyu hwake hwakareba Akapfurwa muna 1936 mumaoko emaRepublican command, mambakwedza e Civil War.
Biography yeMaeztu: hupenyu huzere neshanduko uye shanduko
Nhoroondo yeMaeztu yezvematongerwo enyika uye zvinyorwa zvinoita sekuratidza kodzero yemunhu mumwe nemumwe yekuchinja pfungwa nguva zhinji pazvinenge zvichidikanwa. Uyu mutambi akapedza kupera kwekuyaruka kwake uye danho rekutanga rehupenyu hwevakuru muCuba. Ikoko, akaedza (asina kubudirira) kumutsiridza bhizinesi rababa vake. Gare gare, akagara muBilbao nekukumbira kwaamai vake, kwaakatanga rwendo rwake muutapi venhau.
Pakutanga aive nenguva yekugara muNew York neParis. Kubatana kwake kwekutanga vanoda kuziva kana vachiongorora mukutarisa kuti kufunga kwake kwaizoshanduka sei. Pakati peiyi nhanho - makumi gumi emakore a1890- akanyorera akasiyana midhiya. Pakati peavo, Yemagariro, yakashanda sechiridzwa chekuparadzira kuruzhinji kweSpanish Socialist Workers Party.
Mitsara yekutanga yezvematongerwo enyika
Anarchist mukutanga kwake, Ramiro de Maeztu aifamba achienda kune mashoma pfungwa dzakadai seWashandi neReform Socialism. Gare gare, Aive chikamu cheGeneration ya'98, boka rehungwaru rine tarisiro yekusatarisira nezveramangwana reSpain. Kunyanya mushure mekurasikirwa neUnited States kukuvadza kwenzvimbo dzayo dzekupedzisira mhiri kwemakungwa: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines neGuam.
Pakupera kweHondo Huru, Ramiro de Maeztu akararama kwemakumi matatu emakore muLondon. Muguta reBritish akashanda semunyori wenhau Mutsamba weSpain, Nyika Itsva y Iyo Herald yeMadrid. Saka, mafungiro avo akatenderera kurudyi; akafadzwa nekushanda kwehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika uye nemhando yeChirungu yehupenyu.
Kubva pane inochengetedza kusvika kune yekupedzisira-inochengetedza
Pakazosvika chegumi chechitatu chezana ramakumi maviri, akagara zvakare muSpain. Iye mushambadzi wekare wesocialism aive anyatsosiiwa kumashure. Haana kungouya chete kuti arambe mutsara iwo wekufunga, asi akadzivirirawo zvinopesana zvakapesana zvinzvimbo mune zvimwe zviitiko. Zvakanaka, akazova murwi ane chokwadi, mutsigiri wetsika nehunhu hwakanaka, yakadzika midzi mudzidziso yeKaturike.
Munguva yehudzvanyiriri yaPrimo de Rivera - iyo yaakadzivirira kubva pakutanga - akashanda semumiriri anoshamisa uye plenipotentiary yeSpain muArgentina. Chiitiko chakaratidza basa rake chaizoitika munyika yeSouth America: akasangana naZacarías de Vizcarra y Arana, musiki wechirevo cheSpanish.
Mabasa makuru aRamiro de Maeztu: mupostori weSpainidad
Maeztu haana kungogovana pfungwa dzemupristi uyu wechiJesuit, anozopedzisira avaisa pamwe nekuvaparadzira nechido chikuru. Pakadzvinyirirwa hutongi hweudzvanyiriri uye Second Republic payakagadzwa, akarega basa semumiriri muBuenos Aires ndokudzokera kuSpain. Munyika yake yekuzvarwa, akazove mumwe weakakosha manhamba mune diatribe pakati pevaRepublican nemamonarchist.
Inotanga magazini ChiSpanish Chiito, rakaburitswa pakaonekwa pfungwa dzake paSpanish. Zvichida, ndiko kubatana kweSpain pamwe neyaimbova makoloni, kutenderedza mutauro wechiSpanish uye chitendero cheKaturike. Panguva imwecheteyo, akadzivirira kukosha kwekudzorera korona.
Maeztu anonyanya kupokana mazano
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.
Panguva ino, Maeztu akazvizivisa iye anoyemura Adolf Hitler. Nekudaro, akanyatsoratidza tariro yake yekuti sangano rakafanana neNazi Party raizokunda muSpain. Nenzira imwecheteyo, akasimbisa masirogani ane hukama nerudzi rwevachena. Mune zvinyorwa zvake, akatokodzera vanhu "vekumabvazuva" uye chero munhu ane ganda rakanga risina kujeka, se "madzinza akaderera."
Zvinoenderana nehungwaru kubva kuVitoria, madzinza madiki anogona kungove anobatsira kusimudzira kubata kweSpanish, asi pasina mupiro mukuru. Mazhinji eaya maonero akaonekwa muchimiro chekunyora manotes apo Maeztu aive mupepeti wemagazini. ChiSpanish Chiito. Gare gare, ivo vakaunganidzwa mubhuku rake rinokosha uye rakakurukurwa: Kudzivirirwa kweSpainidad.
La kudzivirira de la ChiSpanish
Icho chinyorwa chakanakisa maererano nekubata rondedzero uye mupepeti; venhau, asi nemamwe mamore. Nekuti Mukati merangano, munyori anochinja masirogani eiyo Chimurenga cheFrance, "rusununguko, kuenzana uye hukama", kuitira "sevhisi, hutongi hwevanhu uye hunhu". Nenzira iyi, Maeztu akaratidzira chimiro chake chekuzvitutumadza paakanzwa kuti aive nekodzero yakazara yekudarika izvo zvinangwa.
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Kudzivirirwa kweHispanic Heritage
Pakupedzisira, Kudzivirirwa kweSpainidad yakava hwaro hwehutongi hweanopokana-republican kodzero uye yekupedzisira-inochengetedza Francoism. Muchokwadi, mudzvanyiriri Francisco Franco iye - kunyangwe aive nechisimba - anozopedzisira aona mipiro yake nekumupa muna 1974 kusiyaniswa kweCount of Maeztu.
Mamwe mabasa naRamiro Maetzu
Iko kuremekedza zvinoreva mari, kuomarara kwebhangi system
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Zvinoremekedzwa zvinoreva mari
Zvinoremekedzwa zvinoreva mari kumwe kuunganidzwa kwezvinyorwa zvakasiyana siyana zvine chekuita nemari, zvakagadzirwa pakati pa1923 na1931. Iri zita ndere ongororo ichiri kushanda mukushanda kwehupfumi hweSpain, Kuongorora kuomarara kwebhangi system, nyika uye mhuri.
Dambudziko rehumanism
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.
Saizvozvo, zvinomira mukati meMaeztu catalog, Dambudziko rehumanism (1919). Chaizvoizvo, chinyorwa chekutanga chinobva mugore ra1916, panguva yayo "yeBritish nguva" (yemafungiro akasununguka) pasi pezita rekuti Chiremera, rusununguko uye basa muchiedza chehondo. Zviri mukati maro zvinopinda mumafungiro echiremera uye nerusununguko renguva yaro muchiedza chehondo dzehondo pasi rose.
Makoronike eHondo Huru, Hondo Huru kubva mumaonero eMaeztu
Ramiro de Maeztu akazvionera ega chiitiko chimwe chakaita sehondo chakasiya mavanga mazhinji ku "kondinendi yekare". Basa rake rezvenhau - vese muBritish yakakwira nzanga, semunyori wenhau - zvakamuita "izwi rine chiremera" pakurwa kwakakura kwazvo munhoroondo yevanhu… kusvika musi iwoyo.
Pakapera hondo yekurwa muna 1918, hapana akafunga zvekukonana kwechipiri. Izvi zviitiko zvakaratidzwa mukati Makoronike eHondo Huru, chirevo mumunhu wekutanga nezve zviitiko zvemauto eBritish. Akawedzerawo maonero ake pasangano rese rezvematongerwo enyika rakamutswa panguva yekubatana.
Basa reunyanzvi uye zvinyorwa
Asina kuenda kure nezviito zvake zvematongerwo enyika, Maeztu akanyora zvakare nezve hunyanzvi hwechokwadi. Mune mazhinji emabasa ake akataura (kuburikidza nevanyori vekare kubva kuSpanish zvinyorwa) iro basa rehunyanzvi mukujekesa hunhu hwenyika. Sezvinei, ungwaru kubva kuVitoria waive mushori akasimba wekugadzirwa kwe "hunyanzvi nekuda kwehunyanzvi."