Pfupiso yeIliad

Bust of Homer

Bust of Homer

Muna 1870, Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann, muzvinabhizimisi akaberekerwa muPrussia ane mirioni uye nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo, akatungamirira rwendo rwakawana zvakasara zveTroy. Saka, kuvapo kweguta rinotsanangurwa naHomer mu Iyo Iliad, imwe yenhetembo dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzenguva dzese.

nzvimbo: Hissarlik, chikomo chakabatana neDardanelles Canal (Turkey). Hondo yakaguma nekuparadzwa kweTrojan metropolis yakaitika ikoko. nevaGiriki veMycenaean makore akapoteredza 1250 BC Zvino, nzvimbo iyi yaigarwa neHerenes neVaRoma nenzira isingaenderani kusvikira s. XIII AD Kubva ipapo, zvese zvinozivikanwa nezveguta rengano zvakabva kune mavara eHomer.

Homer aiva ani?

Kunyangwe iri rimwe remazita ane mbiri ezvinyorwa zvekare, vanyori venhoroondo havapedzi kusvika pakubvumirana Homer. Chikonzero: hazvibviri kuziva nouchokwadi kana akararama kana kuti kwete, sezvo—kusvika zvino—pasina ufakazi hwakasimba hwokuvapo kwake hwakaunganidzwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, tsvakurudzo dzakawanda dzinogumisa kuti chaizvoizvo vaiva vanyori vakawanda venguva iyoyo.

vamwe nyanzvi munhoroondo vanosimbisa , que Nhetembo dzisingafi dzaHomer -Iyo Iliad y Odyssey- ingano dzetsika dzekare dzechiGiriki. Chero zvazvingave, ngano inonongedzera kune bofu mudetembi wezana ramakore rechisere BC, akaberekerwa mune rimwe guta reGreece yekare. (Nzvimbo dzingangove Argos, Athens, Colophon, Smyrna, Ithaca, Chios, Rhodes, kana Salamis.)

Kukosha kwe Iliad

Pakutanga, tsika dzekare dzechiGiriki neunyanzvi zvinokosheswa semudzi wekuratidzwa kwetsika dzese dzeWestern world. Naizvozvo, Nhetembo dzaHomer dzinomiririra hwindo risinganzwisisike iro rakabvumira budiriro yemazuva ano kuziva aesthetics, arts uye tsika dzeGirisi yekare.

Mune imwe pfungwa chaiyo, Iyo Iliad inopa hondo nenzira yakasarudzika kuburikidza nemusiyano wearchetypes (Achilles, Hector, Andromaca)... Urwu hurongwa hwevatambi hwakabuda panguva iyoyo hwagara huri muzvinyorwa kusvika nhasi. Pamusoro pezvo, chokwadi chekuparidzirwa nemuromo kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe kwemazana emakore, inosimudzira kukosha kweiyo epic.

Chikamu cheIliad

Canto III

"Iris, kune rumwe rutivi, kuna Helen nemaoko machena, akauya mutumwa, kune imwe yehanzvadzi dzake dzakafanana, uyo Helicaon, mwanakomana waAntenor, aiva nemudzimai, Laodica, nechiso chake zvakanyanya. vakasiyana nevanasikana vaive naPriam .
Akamuwana muimba yake youmambo, maakaruka jira guru reruvara rwepepuru, jasi rakapetwa kaviri, raakarukirira pamusoro paro mabasa mazhinji eTrojan, namateru embongoro, navaAkaya vakashonga zvidzitiro zvendarira zvendarira, ivo vaitambudzika pasi pezvanza zvavo nokuda kwake. maoko eAres.

Resumen

Context

Iyo Iliad haibatanidzi zviitiko zvese zvine chekuita nehondo pakati peTroy neGreece. Zvinofanira kuyeukwa izvozvo kukakavara kwakatanga mushure mekutiza kwaHelena kuenda naParis, muchinda weTroy. Kupukunyuka ikoko kwakashatirisa Menelaus, uyo akakumbira betsero yomunun’una wake Agamemnon—mambo weMycenae—kuvhozhokera guta raitongwa naMambo Priam ndokununura mudzimai wake.

Denda

Sezvo hondo yakapinda mugore rayo rechigumi, vaHellenes vakapamba guta reChrysa. Pakati pekupamba, vatungamiri veAchaean vakapamba vasikana vaviri vakanaka semibairo. Kune rumwe rutivi, Agamemnon akatora Chryseis, apo Achilles - anotsanangurwa semurwi akanaka kwazvo, ane simba uye anokurumidza kupfuura vose - akatapa Briseis.

Ipapo Crises -mupristi waCrisa, baba vaCriseida uye akazvipira kuApollo - akakumbira pasina kudzoserwa kwemwanasikana wake kuna mambo ambotaurwa. Mukutarisana nekuramba, vechitendero vakakumbira kubatsirwa namwari wezuva, uyo akatumira denda ramakonzo kumusasa wechiGiriki. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, muoni Calchas akafanotaura kuti denda raizoramba riripo kudzamara musikana ari kutaurwa aburitswa.

Achilles 'hasha

Achilles kuputika

Achilles kuputika

Mushure mokuteerera muranda wake, Agamemnon akasarudza kutora Briseis. In consecuense, Achilles akatsamwa uye akasarudza kusiya musasa (nemvumo yaZeus). Uyewo, demigod akakumbira kubatsirwa naamai vake, mwarikadzi Tethys. Izvi zvakapindirana kupera kwehondo pakati pevaGiriki neTrojans nekuda kwekupindira kwaZeus. Asi chibvumirano chinoputswa nekukurumidza neTrojans.

The duel

Mwari wepamusoro-soro weOlympus akazviratidza muchiroto kuna Agamemnon kuti amutsiure kuti aenderere mberi nechisimba cheTroy. Apo kurwa kwakatangazve, Paris akaronga kurwisana kuna Menelaus, akabvuma. Zvichakadaro, Agamemnon naHector, muchinda weTrojan aitarisira kudzivirira guta, vakabvuma kuti anokunda aizogara naHelen uye azviti ndiye mukundi wehondo yese.

Hondo yacho yakatariswa naHelen naPriam kubva pamadziro eguta kusvikira Menelaus akuvadza Paris. Panguva iyoyo, Aphrodite akapindira kuti anunure wekupedzisira uye amusiye akachengeteka muimba yake naHelena. Mukufanana, Zeus akadaidza vamwe vamwari veOlympus nechinangwa chekupedza kurwisana kwacho uye kudzivirira kuparadzwa kweTroy.

Pesvedzero yavamwari

Hera - mudzimai waZeus - akapikisa zvakasimba chibvumirano nekuda kwekupindira kwekare kwemwarikadzi werudo (waanovenga). Saka, mwari webhanan'ana akatuma athena kuti aparadze kurwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, mwarikadzi wouchenjeri akapwisa Pandarus kupfura Menelaus nomuseve. Saka kurwisana kwakatangazve.

Kudivi rechiGiriki, akafuridzirwa (naAthena) Diomedes akauraya Pandarus uye akapotsa auraya Aeneas, dai kusiri kupindira kwaAphrodite.. Zvisinei, humwari hwechido hwakakuvadzwawo, zvichiita kuti Ares apinde. Zvichakadaro, Hector akaunganidza nhamba yakanaka yevakadzi munhare yeTroy kuti adzikamise Athena kuburikidza neminamato.

rukudzo

Héctor akatsiura munun’una wake Paris nokurega kurwa ndokumudzosa kumucheto kweguta. Pane imwe nguva panhandare yehondo, Hector akakumbira hondo isina muGiriki akatsunga kupindura pakutanga. Ipapo Menelaus akazvipa, asi Agamemnon akamudzivisa kurwa. Pakupedzisira, Ajax yakasarudzwa nerotari kutarisana neTrojan guardian.

Mushure memaawa akawanda ekurwa, pakanga pasina mukundi pakati paHector naAjax, chaizvoizvo, varwi vose vakaziva unyanzvi hwomuvengi wavo. Panguva yebopoto, vaHellenes vakatora mukana wacho kuvaka rusvingo kuti vadzivirire ngarava dzavo pamhenderekedzo yegungwa.

Iyo Trojan Advance

Zeus akazivisa kukunda kwekupedzisira kwevaTrojan uye akafanotaura nezverufu rwaPatroclus, muzukuru uye shamwari yepedyo yaAchilles. Chokwadi, vaTrojans vakakomba musasa weHellenic uye vakava nemukana wakanaka wekukunda chaiko. Pasinei nekuipa kwemauto eGreece uye kuti varwi vakakurumbira vechiGiriki vakakuvadzwa, Achilles akaramba kurwa zvakare.

Pamusoro pazvo, Zeus akakumbira vamwari kuti vasaite vachitsigira chero divi. Nezvikonzero izvi, Patroclus akakumbira Achilles nhumbi dzokurwa dzokutungamirira hondo yechiGiriki, kunyange zvazvo wechipiri akamunyevera kuti asaenda kure. Nekudaro, wekutanga akafuratira yambiro - akasimbiswa nekubudirira kwake mukubvisa vavengi vazhinji - uye akazofa nemaoko aHector (akabatsirwa naApollo).

Kudzoka kwaAchilles

Hector akabvuta zvombo zveAchilles kubva pachitunha chaPatroclus. Mushure menguva shomanana, hondo ine ropa yakaputika yakakomberedza muviri wakashama wevakakundwa nokuti vaAchaeans vaida kuidzorera kuti vamupe rukudzo rwemariro. Achilles paakaziva zvakanga zvaitika, akanyaradzwa naamai vake Thetis., uyo akamupa nhumbi itsva dzokurwa nadzo nokuti akanga afunga kurwa zvakare.

Bust yaHelen weTroy

Bust yaHelen weTroy

Mauto eTrojan, achitya kudzoka kwaAchilles, aida kutizira mumasvingo eguta ravo, asi Hector akati akanga akagadzirira kutarisana nemwari. Panguva ino, Zeus akaratidza kuvamwari kuti vaigona kupindira vachifarira divi ravaida. Zvechokwadi, Athena, Hera, Poseidon naHermes vakasarudza vaAchaeans, asi Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares naAtemisi vakatsigira Trojans.

Kutsiva

Vamwari vakauya kuzorwa vari vaviri mauto akatungamirwa neane utsinye uye asingakundi Achilles akamanikidza kubviswa kweTrojans. Pakupedzisira, Hector aifanira kutarisana nemwari mushure mekuedza kutiza kubva kwaari nekudzivirirwa kwegore rakatumirwa naApollo. Chero zvazvingaitika, dhizaini yakakandwa: Hector akaurayiwa nemwanakomana waThetis.

Ipapo Achilles akasungira mutumbi waHector pangoro pamakumbo. ndokumuzvuzvurudza achitenderedza madziro eTroy pasi pekutarisa kunotyisa kwaAndromache (mukadzi wemushakabvu) naPriam. Kusabatwa zvakanaka kwechitunha ichi kwakatora mazuva mapfumbamwe zvichitevera kupembererwa kwemitambo yemariro mushure mekupiswa kwaPatroclus.

Tsitsi

Vanamwari vakatsamwiswa nezviito zveAchilles uye vakafuridzira Priam kuti aparadze musasa weAchaean. Uko, mambo weTrojan akateterera kuti chitunha chemwanakomana wake chidzoserwe kuti avigwe zvakanaka; Achilles akabvuma. Zvadaro, demigod uye monarch vakachema kurasikirwa kwevadiwa vavo pamwe chete. Iyo nyaya inovhara nemitero yakaitwa kuna Hector muTroy.


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  1. Inotarisira iyo data: Miguel Ángel Gatón
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