Iyo nhema nhema

"Iyo inoverengeka yenyika yehunyanzvi yematsotsi", nemutsara iwoyo Raymond Chandler akatsanangura nhoroondo yematsotsi murondedzero Unyanzvi hwakareruka hwekuuraya (1950). Vazhinji vanozvitora semusiyano wenyaya ye "classic" kana yeBritish nyaya. Kune vamwe, icho chingori "chirevo" chakagadzirwa kuti chive nemabhuku anotarisa vatikitivha kana vaongorori uko kuponda kunofanirwa kugadziriswa.

Izvo hazvina kugara zvakagamuchirwa zvakanaka nevatsoropodzi kana "vakadzidza" vaverengi kubvira pakuonekwa kwayo mukati megumi chechitatu chezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kunyange vamwe Vanyori venhoroondo vanongedzera kwayakabva iyi subgenre muna 1841, nekuburitswa kwa Mhosva dzemochari Street de Edgar Allan Poe. Chero zvazvingaitika, nhoroondo yematsotsi yakagara ichinyoresa nhamba dzakanaka mukutengesa.

Asati uye pashure Nhema Masiki

Avo vanokoshesa nhoroondo yekuparwa kwemhosva senge rudzi rwakasiyana kubva munhoroondo dzevapurisa dzeBritish, vanonongedzera kugore ra1920 senzvimbo yavo yekutangira. Kutenda kune hwaro hwemagazini Nhema Masiki muUnited States Yakanga iri posvo pulp izere nenyaya dzezvitaera zvakasiyana uye madingindira, akakodzera kune vanyori vari kubuda venyaya dzevatikitivha.

Iye murume kana murume? Musiyano uripakati pematsotsi nematsotsi novel

Mazita saArthur Conan Doyle uye Agatha Christie, yakabatsira kuumba nhoroondo yematsotsi (zvisinei kana ivo vakaiswa sevanyori vechimiro ichi). Mupfungwa iyi (isina hurongwa hwezvigaro) zvimwe zvinosiyanisa pakati pemapoka maviri zvinotsanangurwa pazasi. Zvinhu zvinowanzo kutaurwa kutsigira "separatist" zvinzvimbo.

Kuisa

Muzviitiko zvakawanda kwazvo, Zvinyorwa zveBritish zvakaiswa mumabourgeois uye munzvimbo dzakakwirira. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu apo vanokudzwa vane huremu chaihwo mukati meakawanda eaya marongero. Pane zvinopesana, mune nyaya Noir chiitiko ichi chinoitika mukati memamiriro akasarudzika.

Nzvimbo

Vanyori vekuAmerican vanokwanisa kutyora neyechinyakare dhizaini yakapa hyper-chaiyo tsananguro. Izvo zvinokwanisika kuziva zvakadzama dzimwe nharaunda dzeLos Angeles kana New York nekuverenga idzi nyaya. Ivo vanogona kutopa ruzivo rwusinga zivikanwe mune dzimwe nzvimbo muguta rimwe chetero. Kusiyana nenhau dzeBritish, uko chaiko nzvimbo dziri nyore seti.

Kunyangwe inogona kuve nekukosha kwakati pane dzimwe nguva, zvinowanzoitika semamiriro ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso: Rufu paNirenaAgatha Christie.

Vanhu

Mune rondedzero yematsotsi miganhu pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa yakapararira zvakanyanya, inenge isipo. Ivo protagonists (vaongorori vasiri ivo vatikitivha nekutengeserana) vanotyora mitemo yekugadzirisa nyaya iyi uye pasina kuregeredza kubatsirwa kwako pachako.

Saizvozvo, vanopikisana vanogona kuve vanokudzwa uye vane mutsa. Ipapo, hunhu hwetsika huripo zvachose panyasha dzekutongwa kwemuverengi. Mumwe nemumwe anosarudza - uye zvine musoro anozvipembedza - maonero avanoona vanhu vari munyaya. Kune rimwe divi, vatambi veChirungu vakaparadzaniswa zvisina kukwana pakati pe "zvakanaka nezvakaipa", pasina kusanzwisisika.

Kutsoropodza munharaunda

Iyo yekuparwa nhoroondo inoitika mumashure-muhondo mazuva. Zvakare mune nharaunda yakagadziriswa neGreat Depression. Saka, hunhu chaihwo mune dzakawanda dzenhoroondo idzi dzakashanda sekushoropodzwa munharaunda. Kutaridzika kusina kushongedzwa uye kusatapira padambudziko rakazara muAmerica.

Kuita zvematongerwo enyika kwakagamuchira chikamu chakanaka cheakarova. Kunyangwe pasina kuvhiringidza kubva kuchinangwa chikuru, kunova kuratidza nyaya inonakidza izere nekuita uye mhirizhonga. Naizvozvo, inomiririra kuzorora neiyo "yakasarudzika" nzira yekunonoka kurondedzera iyo inopa muverengi nguva yakakwana kuti "atsvage" pane zvese izvo ruzivo.

Mhosva: anecdote

Aive Andreu Martín, munyori anonyanya kuzivikanwa wechiSpanish mukati mevatema nhema, uyo akashandisa izwi iri kureva kukosha kwemhosva dzakataurwa mukati medzidziso dzerudzi urwu. Ivo vanongova pembedzo, mukova wekutora chokwadi uye kuti vaverengi vanowana kana kufungidzira kuti vanogara munharaunda yevanhu vakanaka.

Zvimwe zvakafanana ne "nyika chaiye"

Mamiriro ezvinhu eruzivo rwematsotsi anowanzo kuratidza matambudziko ezuva nezuva evanhu. Naizvozvo, huwori, udyire nehutsinye zvinotonga kwazvo. Saizvozvovo, zvinokurudzira matsotsi zvinogara zvichiteerera kushaya simba kwevanhu, chivi.

Naizvozvo iyo mimvuri yemweya wemunhu inokokwa kune: kurwadziwa, hasha, kutsiva, nzara yesimba, kuzvimirira, ruchiva… Uku hakusi kutsvaga kwekunakirwa kwepamusoro. Iko hakuna nzvimbo yekufungidzira kwerudzi "magumo anoruramisa nzira." Asi ichi chirevo chinoshandiswa neva protagonists kuti vasvike kuchokwadi uye vaite kururamisira.

Ma antiheroes ekutanga

Antihero ipfungwa ine mufashoni mazuva ano nekuda kwe cinema. Vanobatsira mavara vasingakwanise kuve vechokwadi mune zvematongerwo enyika. Asi kare kare Deadpool yakava chirevo, "vatema vanyori venhau" vaive vatopinda mune iyi nzira.

Kupesana ne "classic" matikitivha akadai saSherlock Holmes kana Hercules Puirot anozivikanwa., ma protagonists ematsotsi ematsotsi vanhu vakashungurudzika. Neichi chikonzero, ivo havatendi mune ino sisitimu (vanoirwisa kana vaine mukana) uye vanowanzo tendera kururamisira vega.

Zvinokosha

Kuti unzwisise kwakatangira nyaya yematsotsi, Kune vanyori vatatu avo ongororo yakakosha. Wokutanga wavo ndiCarroll John Daly. Inofungidzirwa sababa vorudzi urwu rwezvinyorwa zvekunyepedzera. Dashiell Hammet naRaymond Chandler ndiwo mamwe mazita.

Matikitivha

Wekutanga ndiye musiki weSam Spade. Mutikitivha wekunyepedzera uyo mukurumbira wake wakakwira nekutenda kumamuvhi uye anga ari kwenguva yakareba achizivikanwa muAmerica kupfuura Sherlock Holmes. Humpry Bogart akamuita munhu mukugadziriswa kwenhoroondo isingazivikanwe, Iyo Maltese Falcon. Pane rimwe divi, Chandler akasiya zita rekuti Philip Marlowe kune ramangwana.

Iye zvino uye hutano hutano

Nhoroondo yekuparwa kwemhosva yaive mumadhorobha pakati pezana ramakumi maviri emakore. Detective nyaya - naJames Bond vari pamberi - vakaba chikamu chakanaka chekuvhenekwa. Pamusoro pezvo, panguva iyoyo yaionekwa senge "yechipiri-mwero" mabhuku, akagadzirirwa chete kufadza vazhinji vaishanda. Kune zvimwe inri, iyo magazini Nhema Masiki Akanyangarika.

Zvisinei, mireniyumu itsva yakaona kubuda kwezita idzva. Iye, kunyangwe kufa kwake kusati kwaitika, akapa chiratidzo cheEuropean cheiyo genre. Ehe, haisi yekutanga, asi ndiyo chiratidzo chekupedzisira mumakumi emakore apfuura. Ndezve Stieg Larsson uye saga yake Millennium. Kune vamwe vazhinji vanyori vanoshanda vanogadzira matsva matsva, akakwana kutsaurira iwo wega mavara kwavari.