Christie Agatha.
Iyo yekuongorora ndeye imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa mabhuku emhando uye ane huwandu hukuru hwevateveri nhasi. Asi zvaisave zvakadaro nguva dzose. Zvakazvarwa panguva yegumi nemapfumbamwe - zvakada kufanana nesainzi fungidziro nerudo - veruzhinji venguva yayo havana kuzviona zvakanaka. Kunyange hazvo, chirevo chiri pamusoro ichi chiri che "pamusoro pazvino" pane chokwadi chekongiri.
Asi izvo, avo vairamba mhando yemabhuku iyi vaive nhengo dze (ivo vanozviti vanyori vepamusoro) "veruzhinji." Zvakanaka kubva pakuvamba kwayo mutikitivha rondedzero yakashinga yakadyiwa nevaverengi vazhinji. Mapoka evarume nevakadzi akavharirwa mukati mekupindwa muropa nenyaya dzakatakurwa nehukasha uye zvakavanzika.
Kwakatangira mhando yakanzi haina kutarisika
Kune "vadzidzi" —Nekudaidzira kwese kunokatyamadza kunoisirwa mupikisheni iyi- zvaive "zvinyorwa-zvidiki". Zvigadzirwa zvisina chekufarira, zvakagadzirwa chete kufadza ruzhinji. Hapana chinobatsira kusimudzira mweya wemunhu. Mukuenzanisa, wongororo dzeaya "nyanzvi" dzakarumbidza sainzi yekunyepedzera mabhuku uye, pamusoro pezvose, rudo rwegamba adventures.
Mhosva semupikisi anopokana
Mhosva, kuve ivo protagonists venyaya, zvakangoerekana zvadzivirira chero kunyepedzera kwekudarika. Zvichida, mweya (wevaverengi) hauna kukura, hauna kushanduka nenzira yakanaka. Pakanga paine chete mukana wekunakidzwa kwenguva pfupi. Rudzi urwu rwekushoropodza rwakanyanya kuenderera kusvika Hondo Yenyika II.
Kunyange zvakadaro - nerombo rakanaka kune vanyori veiyo genre - ruvengo rwekushoropodzwa kwemanyorerwo enguva yacho harugone munzira ipi neipi kugadzirisa kubudirira kwayo kukuru. Kunyangwe vazhinji vevanyori ava havango zivikanwa chete nhasi sevanyanzvi vechokwadi. Muhupenyu basa rake raipembererwa zvakanyanya.
Asati uye mushure maAuguste Dupin
Edgar Allan Poe.
Edgar Allan Poe Ndiye mumwe wevaya "vasiri-munzira" vanyori. Zvichida dudziro yacho haina kuchena. Asi richiri izwi rinoshanda kutsanangura hupamhi hwebasa remuAmerica anozivikanwa uyu. Sezvo zvaakanyora zviri chikamu chenhaka yekudanana neAmerica, iye anonzi anozvarwa zviri pamutemo.
Auguste Dupin aive wekutanga hunhu "franchise" (ine chirevo chekushambadzira chazvino chashandiswa) chemabhuku. Pamusoro pezvo, mutikitivha uyu akaisa hwaro hwaizovakirwa rimwe remazita ane mukurumbira mumabhuku epasirese: Sherlock Holmes. Pasina kupokana, hunhu hwaSir Arthur Conan Doyle ndiye isiri yekuwedzera ultra kana vari vaongorori nevanoratidzira zvakavanzika.
Kubva kugirisi
Kunyangwe nyaya dziine mapurisa "airs" agara aripo, Sophocles naOedipus Rex yake Inogona kutariswa seyemberi mutangi werudzi urwu rwechirongwa. Mune ino nhamo, protagonist anofanirwa kuita kuferefeta kuti agadzirise zvakavanzika uye awane mhosva.
Izvo zvaisazove kusvika Mhosva dzemochari Street (1841) apo rudzi urwu rwakawana chimiro "chakatemerwa" uye hunhu. Ehezve, matikitivha nyaya dzakashanduka kubva ipapo. Asi pakupedzisira matikitivha ese anodzokera kuPoe.
General maficha
Iyo yekuyedza detective yagara yakagara pamucheto wemiganhu, fungidziro uye kutya. Pfungwa yakakosha yerudzi urwu ndeyekuti kuseri kwechiito chega chega (chematsotsi) kune imwechete chete homo sapiens. Pasina rubatsiro kana kumanikidzwa kubva kune madhimoni kana ehumwari zvisikwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, rangano yacho inoitika mumamiriro anonyatso kuzivikanwa kuvaverengi.
Iye protagonist mumwe munhu anosiyaniswa nehuchenjeri hwake, pamwe nekugona kwake kunoshamisa kwekutarisa uye kuongorora kugadzirisa enigmas. Ose mavara - kunze kwemuongorori nemubatsiri wake, kana muinaye - vanofungidzirwa. Nekudaro, kuverenga kunova mujaho unotyisa kune chikamu chevaverengi kuti vagadzirise mhosva pamberi pemutikitivha.
Kuvimbika pamusoro pezvose
Nhau yakanaka yematsotsi inofanirwa kuchengetedza mutadzi kuvanzwa kusvika kumagumo. Asi pasina tsananguro dzakawandisa kana tsananguro dzisinga bvumike panguva yekugadzirisa. Kana Sherlock Holmes pachake "akazvirambidza" kufungidzira, chero munhu anoverenga zviitiko zvake anozviisa panjodzi yakawanda kana achiedza kuporofita magumo.
Nzvimbo dzakatetepa dzoruzivo rwemutikitivha uye mamwe maitiro
Zvingangodaro, mabhuku eutikitivha akapatsanurwa kuita mapoka makuru maviri. Kunyangwe izvi zvisiri izvo zvega, zvinoshanda sezvivheneko zvikuru zvichitungamira vanyori vese vane shungu dzekutaura zvakavanzika zvavo. Pane rimwe divi, Kusiyana nezvakaitika nerudo runyorwa, kuyambuka kwemvura yeAtlantic kwakabva kuAmerica kuenda kuEurope.
Chirungu chikoro
Arthur Conan Doyle.
Pangosvika Auguste Dupin naEdgar Allan Poe pavakasvika muLondon, kamufambiro kana rudzi-rudzi rwunozivikanwa seChirungu Chikoro rwakatangwa. Kunze kwaSir Arthur Conan Doyle naSherlock Holmes, chimwe chikamu chakakosha mukati meichi chimiro chinomiririrwa naAgatha Christie nehunhu Hercule Poirot.
Uyu ndiwo mhando wenyaya yemasvomhu; yechikonzero uye mhedzisiro. Izvo chokwadi chinoratidzwa maererano nenguva, nepo iyo (ingangoita nguva dzose) protagonist isingadzoreki ichishandisa kuwedzera nekubvisa kuti usvike pamhedzisiro. Chisarudzo icho - kudzokorora Holmes - chiri "chepakutanga." Zviripachena chete mumaziso eanoferefeta; zvisinga fungidzirwe kune vamwe vakasara uye kune muverengi.
North America Chikoro
MuUnited States, kunyangwe muzana ramakumi maviri, rakanyanya kukosha "subgenre" rakazvarwa mumabhuku emapurisa.. Zvinogona kutotaurwa kuti ndiyo yega inozivikanwa sechikamu cheiyi rondedzero maitiro: nhoroondo yematsotsi. Sechipiri chechipiri chazvino inoita kunge inopokana nemhando yepamusoro kusvika kuma1920.
Kufananidza pakati pezvikoro zvese zviri zviviri zveyakavanzika nyaya
Nyaya dzechirungu dzaive dzakanyorwa. Kazhinji yenguva yacho chiitiko chakaitika mumaburugeis madenderedzwa. Iyo yekugadzika yaive hombe uye yakasarudzika castle, uko kuverenga, madzishe uye maduchu akaonekwa sevanobatwa uye vapari vemhosva. Mhosva idzi yaive nyaya ye "high society."
Saizvozvowo, pasina kuve maviri-mativi (Sherlock Holmes anozopedzisira aburitsa mamwe maratidziro ehunhu hwake), mavara echikoro cheChirungu akazara archetypal. Mutikitivha akanaka, akatendeseka, haaora; vakaipa vakomana "vakaipa kwazvo", Machiavellian. Iko kurwa pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa, chokwadi chinopesana nenhema, iine mashoma mashoma matanho.
Nyika chaiye?
Iyo nyaya yekuparwa kwemhosva yakatora mapurisa ezvakaitika ku "pasi pevhu", kumigwagwa yenharaunda dzakanyimwa zvakanyanya, kunzvimbo dzinosiririsa, dzine rima. Saizvozvowo, vanyori vaifarira kuongorora zvinokurudzira zvevapari vemhosva uye vakaputsa nepfungwa yevasina mhosva protagonists (matikitivha).
Nenzira iyi, "magamba" emabhuku akabuda. Hunhu vane kurwira kwakanyanya, nekuti - kunze kwekutarisana nemutadzi - vanosangana nesosaiti nehurongwa hwakaora. Nekudaro, ivo vanowanzoita nguva dzose vari vega, vasina hanya zvakanyanya nezvehunhu hwemaitiro avo. Kwavari, mugumo unoruramisa nzira.
Iyo yekuparwa nhoroondo uye yayo yerudo-kuvenga hukama nehukama hwehukama
Nenhau yekuparwa kwemhosva, mhosva dzakamira kuva chinhu che "chic", kuti chiratidzwe pasina kana nekashoma kemurudo. Pamusoro pe, chikoro cheAmerican chakamumukira status quo, achiva (zvinoshamisira) bhuku rePurotesitendi. Izvo zvakave - zvakapihwa mamiriro azvo enhoroondo, makore apfuura uye shure kwekuderera Kukuru - zvine rudo, chaizvo.
Vakakosha vanyori
Izvo hazvigoneke kuti unzwisise nhoroondo yematsotsi usati waongorora mipiro yaEdgar Allan Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle naAgatha Christie. Kuverenga kunofanirwa kutanga kwaitwa zvine chinangwa (kusvika pazvinogoneka). Kana kuti pamwe kuyedza kusaisa zvido zvevanhu panguva yekuongorora. Izvi, zvisinei nekuti manzwiro anotapirirwa nekuverenga akanaka kana kuti akaipa.
Mumwe wacho, zvakare akakosha
Iyo yekuparwa nhoroondo ndeimwe chikamu chakakosha chenhoroondo yezvinyorwa. Nekuwedzera kwekunyoresa kwakatonyanya kupokana mavambo zvichienzaniswa neBritish Chikoro (chevanoongorora zvematikitivha). Kune vazhinji vanyori vekuAmerican veiyo subgenre avo vakaburitsa nyaya dzavo munguva yehondo, vakamutsa pfungwa dzinopesana.
Edgar Allan Poe akatorwa.
Vanonyanya kufarira vanowedzera kusimbisa kwavo kubatirira kuchokwadi. Asi, vazhinji vanobvunza kusava netariro kwake kwakadzika uye kushayikwa kwemhedziso inofadza. Chikonzero chekutaura kwakadai? Zvisinei nekugadziriswa kwemhosva, mupari wemhosva haawane nguva dzose chirango chakakodzera. Pakati pevanyori vakakurumbira mune ino chikamu ndea:
- Dashiell Hammlet, pamwe ne protagonist yayo Sam Spade (Iyo Maltese Falcon, 1930).
- Raymond Chandler, nemutikitivha wake Philip Marlowe (Kurota kusingaperi, 1939).
Iwo "reverse" mapurisa
Chii chinonzi "zvakajairika" ndechekuti inoverengera mutikitivha inoonekwa kubva pakuona kwechakanaka. Zvisinei, pane iyo "inopesana vhezheni": villains vanoita zvirongwa zvekuita kwavo zvisirizvo uye varambe vakasununguka. Muenzaniso wekare kuratidza iyi subcategory ndeye Tarenda VaRipley rakanyorwa naPatricia Highsmith.
Tom Ripley, "franchise hunhu" wemabhuku akateedzana, haasi mutikitivha. Iye imhondi uye con murume anozvibata seaanotambudzwa. Kana mu "classic vhezheni" yematsotsi ematsotsi chinangwa chekufumura chakavanzika, pano chinhu "chinonakidza" ndechekutarisa kuti manyepo anovakwa sei. Ndokunge, poindi ndeyekuona kuti tsotsi "rinoenda sei naro."
Itsva Millennium
Stieg Larsson anogona kunge ari mumwe wevanyori vane njodzi zvakanyanya nguva dzese. Kwete yezvaakanyora, asi zvehupenyu hwake. Zvisinei, pamusoro pezvakaipa uye kufa kwake kwekutanga, mutori wenhau weSweden aive nenguva yekutanga yekutanga yakakura mutikitivha kodzero yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Zviri nezve Saga Millennium.
Maitiro ekuputika
Varume vasingade vakadzi.
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.
Varume vasina kuda vakadzi, Musikana ane machisi negaba repeturu y Mambokadzi mumuzinda wemadraft—Zvese zvakaburitswa muna 2005-- zvinomirira basa rake rose. Musanganiswa we "bhomba" (avo vakaverenga zvinyorwa izvi vanonzwisisa chikonzero cheiyi temu) pakati pemaitiro eBritish ekare uye neAmerican crime novel.
Matikitivha maviri anoita "axis yezvakanaka" mune nyaya dze Larsson. Mazita avo: Mikael Blomkvist (mutori wenhau) naLisbeth Salander (hacker). Sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu anoda, vatambi ava vanogona kunge vachiongorora zvakanyanya uye vachiruramisa, pamwe nekunyanyisa uye kusazvibata.
Mapurisa enhau muchiSpanish (vamwe vanyori)
Iyo yekuongorora yeSpain uye muLatin America inokodzera chinyorwa chakasiyana kuti ikwanise kutaura nezvayo zvakakwana. Kubva kuIberian Peninsula, mumwe wevanyori vezviratidzo zvikuru ndiManuel Vázquez Montalbán. Mutikitivha wake: Pepe Carvalho, hunhu hunofungidzira sezvaanotsoropodza; Anoenda kubva kumukominisiti wechidiki kuenda kumumiriri weCIA, kuzopedzisira ave mutikitivha wega.
Mienzaniso kubva kuLatin America
MuColombia, zita raMario Mendoza rinomira, rakafemerwa nehunhu uye humwari hweiyo pachivande Bogota. Satani (2002) ingangove rake "rakakosha" basa. Pakupedzisira, Norberto José Olivar akagadzwa muMaracaibo, Venezuela, nyaya yeutikitivha iyo inoganhurana neminda yezvakanaka.
Vampire muMaracaibo (2008), yakaburitswa munguva dzekufarirwa kukuru kwemanovels anotarisana nevechiri kuyaruka. Mutikitivha munyaya iyi - mupurisa akarega basa - anogara achishamisika nezve kuvapo kwenyika yakavanda kupfuura zviri pachena.