The Enlightenment ndiro sangano retsika rakabereka kufunga. Iyo inowanzozivikanwa seZera reKuvhenekerwa, iyo XNUMXth. Raiva sangano risina kungoshandura Mabhuku, raisanganisira Arts, Science, Philosophy and Politics, uye raikurudzira kufamba kwevanhu, seFrench Revolution.
Mukati mehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nekuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, Kuvhenekerwa kwakapararira nomuhoro dzenyanzvi navafungi ndokubetsera kuvandudza nyika. Zvisinei, zvichida ndiyo yaivawo mhosva yake. Kune rumwe rutivi, yakakurudzira kubviswa kwezvipingamupinyi, asi zvitsva zvakaumbwawo. Muchidimbu, raive sangano remabhunu.
Mavambo uye mamiriro eChiedza
Yakanzi Zera Rokuvhenekerwa nokuti yakamuka nechinangwa chokupa chiedza kunheyo dzenhema umo upenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika nehwevoruzhinji hwakanga huchiri kuvakirwa pahuri, nechitendero chichifarikanya nzvimbo yaanoda. Iyi nzanga yekare yaizivikanwa nokusaziva uye kutenda mashura. Zvitendero zvekare, kusagona kuverenga uye kirasi uye hutungamiri hwemauto hwakaramba huchitonga kusvika panguva iyoyo. Kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi. Simba rehumambo rakanga risingapokane, nekuti madzimambo aitonga uye vaizviita nekuti vaive vasarudzwa naMwari.
Uye kunyange zvazvo Kuvhenekerwa kwakasimudzira shanduko dzakawanda dzekuchinja, vakamhanyira mukuenderera mberi kwakaramba kuchiparadzanisa vanoita sarudzo kubva kuvanhu. Naizvozvo, simba rakanambwa vertically zvakare. Vaida kugadzira nzira yekuvandudza kune wese munhu, asi pasina kuverenga pane ese magariro maseru. Nechikonzero ichi, ichashanda panguva iyoyo kuti iwane shanduko yetsika nemagariro. Nokudaro, zana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe raizounza shanduko itsva mune dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagariro evanhu.
Madame Geoffrin's Salon (1812), kupenda naCharles Gabriel Lemonnier.
Zviratidzo
- Enlightened Despotism: masimba akawira murudzi rwehubaba nevanhu. Vaida kudzidzisa vanhu kuburikidza nezvinorairwa neChiedza vaine chivimbo chekuita zvakanakira vagari vemo, asi pasina kuvabatanidzira. Simba rakaramba riri rakasimba kuna mambo.
- Anthropocentrism: Mwari anodzingwa nemunhu.
- Rationalism: chikonzero chinokunda kutenda.
- Pragmatism uye inozotevera yehuzivi mutsara weUtilitarian. Yakanyatsobatanidzwa nedzidziso uye kukosha kwekudzidza chete zvidzidzo zvinogona kuiswa mukuita.
- Kutevedzera: kuedza kudzokera kuvanyori vekirasi (neoclassicism).
- Pfungwa: nekunyepedzera kuzvibvisa kubva kune chokwadi uye kushata uye kutsvaga kunaka, ivo vanozvibvisawo kubva kuvanhu uye zvavanoda chaizvo. Iko kurambwa kwemukurumbira.
- Universalism: inodzokera kumavambo echinyakare ezvinyorwa neuzivi. Chii chiri pasi rose kune tsika yekuMadokero, asi zvakare haitauri mamiriro chaiwo evanhu.
The Enlightenment muEurope
Kutaura nezve Kuvhenekerwa kutaura nezve Encyclopedia (Encyclopédie) Denis Diderot naJean le Rond d'Alembert, avo vaitungamirira kubatanidzwa. Zvakare inonzi Duramazwi rakafungwa resainzi, hunyanzvi uye mabasa emaoko Icho chinyorwa chakakura chinoedza kusanganisa ruzivo rwemavara uye iyo yesainzi ndima kubva pakuona kwe pragmatic.. Mavara makuru akadai saVoltaire kana Rousseau akabatana muchinyorwa ichi. Rakabudiswa muna 1751 muFrance uye zvirokwazvo ndiro basa rinokosha zvikurusa rezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.
Mutauro wechiFrench ndiwo waive mota yekufambisa pfungwa panguva iyi.. Kunyatsofungwa, mabasa makuru akanyorwa mumutauro uyu. Nekudaro, kunze kweFrance, Chiedza chaivewo nechakakosha muEngland neGermany. Chirungu, German, kana Spanish zvakazadzwa neGallicisms.
MuMabhuku, marudzi aiwanzogara ari echinyakare: nhamo uye nyambo mumitambo yemitambo uye ngano zhinji nesatire dzaikurudzira kudzidza kuburikidza nedzidziso dzetsika. Zvakadaro, mazhinji emabasa ekudzika kukuru akataura nezveEconomy nePhilosophy; pakati pevanyori varo vane mukurumbira ndiAdam Smith (Pfuma Yemarudzi), Immanuel Kant, David Hume, Montesquieu, uye Voltaire naRousseau, eheka. René Descartes kana John Locke vaive sosi yekurudziro kune vese.
Nhoroondo yeEurope inoratidzwa
Zvakanakawo kudoma vamwe vanyori vakanyora ngano uye nemabasa avo vakabatsirawo muzana ramakore regumi nemasere uye gare gare. Nokuti vakanga vari ivo akagadzira novhero yemazuva ano:
- daniel defoe: Robinson Crusoe (1719). Inhau inosanozivikanwa yomumwe murume anopedza anodokusvika makore 30 pachitsuwa chomurenje pashure pokunge ngarava yaakanga achifamba nayo yaputsika.
- Jonatani akamhanya: Kufamba kwaGulliver (1726). Chinyorwa chekushanya, nyika yeLilliput, uko chiitiko chinoitika uye vagari vayo, maLilliputians, ane mukurumbira zvakare.
- Laurence Stern:Vida uye maonero emuchinda Tristram Shandy (1759) imhando yemhando yepamusoro inomiririra nzira yekurondedzera yainoshandisa nemukati monologues uye kubvunza kusinganzwisisike.
- Pierre Choderlos weLaclos: Ushamwari hune ngozi (1782) ibhuku rema epistolary.
- Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade, anozivikanwa zviri nani sa Marquis de Sade: ndomumwe wevanyori vane gakava renguva dzese. Zita rake rashanda kuwedzera izwi idzva muduramazwi, kusuwa (chireva kuti: sadistic), nokuda kwoudzame husina tsitsi hwemagwaro ake, pamwe chete nenharo dzake dzakazara nokutsveyamisa. Asi mabhuku ake, kunyange zvazvo achikakavadzana, ane ndyiko kana kuti asina, anoedzawo nenzira yawo kudzidzisa muverengi. Vanomira pachena: Justine kana nhamo dzekunaka (1791), Philosophy patafura yekupfeka (1795) kana Mazuva 120 eSodhoma kana kuti chikoro cheutere yakanyorwa muna 1785, asi yakabudiswa makore akawanda gare gare.
Dzimbahwe muMadrid yeRoyal Spanish Academy.
Kuvhenekerwa muSpain
Mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika muSpain mukati mehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 1759 aive anotevera: kutonga kweBourbon kwaCarlos III (1788-1788) naCarlos IV (1808-XNUMX). Absolutist monarchs mune regencies pfungwa dzakajekeswa uye dzinofambira mberi dzeEurope yepamusoro hadzina kupinda nesimba rakakwana. Kwete semuFrance, zvirinani. MuSpain, dzidziso dzegamuchidzanwa dzakawanda zvikurusa norudzidziso rweKaturike zvakanga zvakanyanyodzika midzi mundangariro netsika zvavanhu veSpain., uyo asina kumbokurudzira kuchinja.
Taizofanira kumirira kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX kuti kubviswa chaiko kwaCarlos IV kuitike, uye kuti pave nehumambo hunofambira mberi muSpain nekubata kwechiFrench, kuti maSpanish akacheneswa zvikuru ave Frenchified uye kuti zvese zvipere. hondo yekuzvimiririra uye kudzoka kweakanyanya iron absolutism neruoko rwe "The Desired", Fernando VII.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Muchikamu chetsika, kusikwa kweRoyal Spanish Academy (1713) kunoshamisa, kubva ipapo yanga ichitarisira "kuchenesa, kugadzirisa uye kupa kubwinya" kumutauro wedu., pamwe neRoyal Academy yeFine Arts yeSan Fernando (1752), Academy yeNhoroondo (1738) kana chii nhasi National Museum of Natural Sciences, pakati pemamwe masangano akakosha uye mukurumbira. Saizvozvovo, Economic Society yeshamwari dzeNyika raive boka revanhu vane hungwaru rakaumbwa nevamwe vanokudzwa panguva iyoyo uye rakapfuura nematanho akasiyana, asi harina kumbosiya hunhu hwaro.
Painting yeGM de Jovellanos (1798), naGoya.
Vanyori veSpain vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX
- Fray Benito Jeronimo Feijoo (1676-1764). Mumongi weBenedictine, aive munhu akakosha pamabasa enganonyorwa uye kufunga kwakadzama. Mabasa ake akakosha ndeaya Universal Critical Theatre (1726) uye Tsamba Dzinodzidzisa uye Dzinoda Kuda kuziva (1742).
- Gregory Mayans (1699-1781). Semunyori wenhoroondo akavhenekerwa, aive akakosha zvakanyanya murondedzero yenhoroondo uye mabasa ake anomira pachena nekuda kwekuomarara kwawo. Basa rake rinokosha: Mavambo emutauro wechiSpanish (1737).
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744-1811). Pamusoro pekunyora zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupfumi kana zvekurima (zvakanyanya kukosha ibasa rake Taura pamusoro peMutemo weAgrarian), yakabatsira kune yazvino kuratidzwa kweSpanish komedhi yakanyorwa neprose, Tsotsi rakavimbika (1787), yakarongedzwa mukati meiyi yakanatswa theatre yeChiedza.
- Jose de Cadalso (1741-1782). Mutauriri mukuru wechiSpanish wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Vanosimbisa yavo Makadhi eMoroccan (1789), chinyorwa chakanakisa muchimiro cheepistolary kuburikidza nemumiriri weSpanish uye mutorwa anoyevedza wekubva kuMoroccan anoedza kudzidza tsika dzechiSpanish dzinoda kuziva uye dzakati dzerustic. Zvinokoshawo husiku hwakasviba (1789-1790), rwiyo rwakanaka uye runosiririsa, kunyangwe rwuri padyo neSpanish pre-romanticism.
- Juan Melendez Valdes (1754-1814), mumiriri mukuru weSpanish nhetembo yezana ramakore regumi nemasere.
- Thomas weIriarte (1750-1791) uye Felix Maria Samaniego (1745-1801) inomiririra ngano yekudzidzisa yezvinyorwa zveSpanish zvine mifananidzo.
- Leandro Fernandez de Moratín (1760-1828) akanga ari munyori anonyanya kukosha wezana remakore rechiXNUMX muSpain. Macomedies ake anobuda pachena Mudhara nemusikana (1790), Ehe vasikana (1805), uyewo iyo comedy itsva (1792)
Zvakanyanya kuwandisa. Panguva iyoyo zvaisazivikanwa kuti njere (iq) yaiwanzogoverwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nhasi tinoziva kuti rakanga riri boka revaFrench nerds vaifunga kuti kuburikidza nekuverenga kwakajeka hupenyu huri nani hunogoneka. Ngatipembererei kuti nhasi chatinoziva ndechekuti hazvina kudaro. Isu veHispanic takanga tisina Mwenje. Ndidzo dzaitengwa kunze kwenyika.
Ngatisatenda muFrance. Never.
Mhoro Vladimir! Ndatenda nemhinduro yako. Chokwadi, ndakaedza kusvitsa shoko rokuti Kuvhenekera kwakanga kusiri kufamba kwevanhu vose uye kuti, sezvimwe zvinhu zvose, zvaigonawo kunge zvakaitwa zviri nani. Zvakare, Zviedza muLatin America zvakadzima kwazvo! Eheka. Shuwiro yakanakisa.