Migwagwa yeMadrid
Mapofu sunflowers ibhuku renyaya nemunyori weMadrid Alberto Méndez. Yakabudiswa muna Ndira 2004 neEditorial Anagrama. Basa racho rine zvimedu zvipfupi zvina zvakabatanidzwa nechimwe nechimwe - chekupedzisira ndicho chinopa zita raro zita - uye izvo zvinoitika mumakore mushure meSpanish Civil War. Muna 2008 iyo homonymous firimu yakaburitswa mubhaisikopo, yakatungamirwa naJosé Luis Cuerda, aine manyoro mana nemunyori pamwe naRafael Azcona.
Kubva payakatangwa, bhuku iri rakava budiriro yekutsikisa. Kusvika zuva, inonyoresa anopfuura zviuru mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu emakopi akatengeswa. Zvinosuruvarisa, munyori haana kukwanisa kunakidzwa nekuzivikanwa kwebasa rake, sezvo akafa nguva pfupi mushure mekudhindwa. Pakati pemibairo yakapihwa bhuku, zvinotevera zvinomira pachena: 2004 Castilian Narrative Criticism Award uye 2005 National Narrative Award.
Pfupiso ye Mapofu sunflowers
Kukundwa kwekutanga (1939): "Kana moyo waifunga kuti waizomira kurova"
Mutungamiriri waFranco Carlos Alegria akasarudza -Mushure memakore ebasa - kubuda muhondo umo makateurwa ropa rakawanda. Mushure mekusiya basa, akasungwa uye akapomerwa mhosva yekupandukira. Pazvaiitwa, maRepublicans akakanda mapfumo pasi ndokusiya nhandare yehondo.
Pakangotanga kutonga nyika, Alegría akatongerwa rufu nokuda kwezviito zvaakaita munguva yehondo. Nguva yekupfurwa yakati yasvika akabva agadzikwa pamadziro nevamwe vaaifamba navo. Mushure mekugamuchira coup de grace kumusoro, vakavigwa muguva guru.
Zvinoshamisa kuti Carlos akamuka ndokuona pakarepo kuti bara rakangomubata chete uye harina kumubaya dehenya rake. Zvaaigona akakwanisa kubuda mugomba muya ndokufamba achirwadziwa kusvika asvika pane rimwe dhorobha raakanunurwa nemumwe mukadzi. Pashure pemazuva anoverengeka, Alegría akasarudza kudzokera kuguta rake akagadzirira kuzvipirazve kururamisiro, sezvo kunzwa kwokuva nemhaka kwaisamubvumira kugara murugare.
Kukundwa kwechipiri (1940): "Manyoro akawanikwa mukukanganwa"
Vechidiki vaviri -Eulalio naElena- vakaita rwendo rwokuenda kuFrance nomumakomo eAsturias, vakatiza hurumende iyo yakanga yaiswa. Pamuviri paive nemwedzi misere uye kurwadziwa kwakauya mberi, kukavamanikidza kuti varege. Pashure pemaawa okurwadziwa, musikana muduku akabereka kumukomana wavaidaidza kuti Rafael. Zvinosuruvarisa Elena akafa y Eulalio akasara ega nechisikwa chiya.
Zvakataurwa naAlberto Méndez
Nyanduri,achiri kukatyamadzwa nerufu rwemusikana wake, akapindwa nokunzwa kukuru kwokuva nemhaka. Akaodzwa mwoyowo nokusaziva kuti oita sei naRafael, uyo haana kurega kuchema kwemaawa. Zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma, jaya racho rakatanga kufarira mwanakomana wake uye rakaita kuti kumutarisira rive basa raro roga muupenyu. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho, Eulalio akawana imba yakasiiwa uye akasarudza kuitora sepotera.
Paaikwanisa, mukomana aibuda kunotsvaka zvokudya. Rimwe zuva akakwanisa kuba mombe mbiri, akadyisa kwenguva. Asi, Nguva yechando yasvika, zvinhu zvese zvakatanga kuoma uye kufa kwevaviri ava kwaive kwave pedyo. Nyaya iyi inotaurwa mumunhu wekutanga, uye yakatorwa mubhuku rakawanikwa nemufudzi pamwe chete nezvitunha zviviri zvevanhu nemombe yakafa muchirimo cha1940.
Kukundwa kwechitatu (1941): "Mutauro wevakafa"
Nyaya yechitatu inotaura nyaya yaJuan Senra, UN mukuru weRepublican kuti akaiswa mujeri reFrancoist. Murume wacho akakwanisa kuramba ari mupenyu nekuti aiziva nezvemwanakomana waColonel Eymar —Mutungamiriri wedare. Senra akawana ruzivo urwu kekutanga, achirwa naMiguel Eymar. Kurebesa magumo, nyaya yacho yainyepa zuva nezuva, ichiti jaya iri raiva gamba, asi, chaizvoizvo, akanga ari munhu akarasika.
Paaigara mujeri, Juan akaita ushamwari nemukomana anonzi Eugenio, uye akawiriranawo naCarlos Alegría. Kune Senra, zvakabva zvanyanya kuoma kuenderera mberi nenhema. Saizvozvowo, ndaiziva kuti ndaizofa, nokuti muviri wake wakanga usina kunaka.
Apo zvinhu zvose zvaisaita sezviri kuwedzera kuipa, zviitiko zviviri zvakaitika zvakapatsanura Senra uye zvakasarudza magumo ake: Captain Joy akasarudza kuzviuraya, uye, mushure memazuva mashoma, Eugenio akatongerwa rufu. Zvakanyanya kukanganiswa, Juan akasarudza kureurura chokwadi nezvaMiguel, zvaisanganisira al kuraira yako kupfura mazuva akatevera.
Kukundwa kwechina (1942): "Mapofu ezuva"
Ichi chinyorwa chekupedzisira chinotaura nyaya yaRicardo: a republican, akaroora Elena uye baba vevana vaviri - Elena naLorenzo. Munhu wese mumusha vaifunga kuti akafa, saka murume, achishandisa mamiriro ezvinhu, akasarudza kugara akahwanda mumba make nemudzimai wake nemwanakomana mudiki. Hapana chavaiziva nezvemwanasikana wavo kunze kwekuti akatiza nemukomana wake kunotsvaka zviri nani nekuti akanga abata pamuviri.
Mhuri iyi yakagadzira muitiro wakaoma kuitira kuti pasave neanocherechedza kuti Ricardo akanga achiri mupenyu. Salvador -mudhikoni weguta uye mudzidzisi waLorenzo— akanyura murudo naElena, zvekusvika pakumushungurudza pese paaimuona. Kuti zvese zvingave zvakaoma sei Ricardo akaita chisarudzo: kutizira kuMorocco. Vachibva ipapo vakatanga kutengesa midziyo yemumba.
Apo zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvoda kugadzirirwa Salvador akapinda mumba nechikonzero chekuda kutaura nemukomana. Mushure mekutariswa naLorenzo, mudhikoni akarova Elena, izvo akaita kuti Ricardo abude kuti adzivirire mudzimai wake. Paakafumurwa, mudzidzisi uyu akaparadzira mashoko ekuti rufu rwemurume uyu rwakanga rwuri nhema dzakaipa uye dzoumbwende, izvo zvakaita kuti baba vemba vapenge nokuzviuraya.
Yekutanga data rebasa
Mapofu sunflowers ibhuku ra nyaya pfupi dzakaiswa mu Spanish Hondo Yenyika. Chinyorwa chine mapeji zana nemakumi matanhatu akakamurwa kuita zvitsauko zvina. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinotaura nyaya yakasiyana, asi ine hukama kune imwe neimwe; zvimwe zviitiko zvakaitika mukati memakore mana (pakati pa1939 na1942). Munyori aida kuratidzira chikamu chemigumisiro yaitambura nevagari vemo panguva uye mushure mekurwisana.
Nezve munyori, Alberto Méndez
Alberto Mendez
Alberto Méndez Borra akaberekerwa muMadrid musi weChitatu August 27, 1941. Akapedza zvidzidzo zvesekondari muRome. Akadzokera kumusha kwake kunodzidza Philosophy uye Tsamba paComplutense University yeMadrid. Iri dhigirii reBachelor rakatorwa kubva kwaari nekuda kwekuva mutungamiriri wevadzidzi uye kutora chikamu mukuratidzira kwa1964.
Akashanda semunyori mumakambani anokosha, akadai Zvibhakera y Montera. Uyewo, mu70s, aive mubatsiri weimba yekutsikisa Ciencia Nueva. Pa63 akaburitsa bhuku rake rekutanga uye rega: Mapofu sunflowers (2004), basa rakagamuchira mubairo gore iroro Setenil yebhuku rengano rakanakisa.
Panguva yekuratidzwa kwe The Blind Sunflowers (2004) paCirculo de Bellas Artes, Jorge Herralde—mupepeti we Anagram- vakakakavadzana zvinotevera nezve basa: «Kuverengera nendangariro, bhuku rinopikisa kunyarara kwepashure pehondo, risingakanganwiki, richitsigira chokwadi chekare chakadzorerwa uye panguva imwe cheteyo, rinokosha zvikuru uye rinosarudza, kusangana nechokwadi chezvinyorwa".