Chizvarwa '98 Hunhu

Ko icho chinonzi Generation of '98 chakaitika sei? Kuti tiwane mhinduro kwakafanira kudzokera shure kumugumo wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Panguva iyoyo, Spain yaive nyika iri mudambudziko rakadzika rekuzivikanwa kwenyika, iyo mavambo ayo anogona kuteverwa nekupinda kweNapoleonic. Pamusoro pezvo, mushure mehondo yeSpain-America, nyika yeIberia yakarasikirwa nemakoloni ayo ekupedzisira: Cuba, Philippines, Guam nePuerto Rico.

Tatarisana neichi chokwadi chakaratidzwa nekuderera kwezvematongerwo enyika, tsika, magariro uye hupfumi, boka rakasarudzika revarume rakaonekwa. Vaive vafungi nevanyori vakazvarwa pakati pemakore ekuma1860 nema1870 uye, nekudaro, vaive vezera rekutora nzvimbo yepakati muna 1898.. Nenzira iyi, Unamuno kana Azorín nevamwe, vakasimudza nzira ye "kuva Spanish" mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwetsika.

Tsanangudzo

Pamusimboti, zvinodikanwa kutsanangura kuti kushandiswa kweizwi rekuti "chizvarwa" kwave kunetsa sei - pasi pemaonero ezvinyorwa-pakuunganidza varatidziri vayo. Zvisinei neizvi, vanyori venhoroondo vanoratidza kubvumirana kwakatenderedza Unamuno, Valle-Inclán naPio Baroja sevanonyanya kuratidza mavara. kweseti.

Zvimwe,zvii zvavakafanana nazvo iri boka revarume vetsamba uye tsika dzechiSpanish? Kunyangwe isiri iyo yakanyanya chinangwa musoro, vadzidzi vanowanzo taura nezve nyaya dzakadai ushamwari pakati pevanoverengeka vavo. Saizvozvowo, hazvirambiki kubatana kwenhengo dzeboka maererano nemafungiro enyika - uye kusava netariro, dzimwe nguva - kune tsika yeSpain.

Kusangana kwevarume ava

Kurasikirwa kwemakoloni eSpain kwakakonzera kutsamwa uye kuvhiringidzika pakati pevanyori veXNUMXs. Sezviri pachena, chokwadi chekurasikirwa nenzvimbo idzodzo dzemhiri kwemakungwa kurudzi ruchangobva kuumbwa rweAmerica chaireva kunyadziswa kwakange kwakaoma kwazvo kutevedzera. Panguva imwe, mabhuku akasiyana-siyana evanyori ava airatidza ruvengo rwavo kuSpain inochengetedza uye yevafundisi zvenguva idzodzo.

Mimwe mirangariro yakaratidzirwa nemitezo yechizvarwa yakanga iri yokusava netariro nokusava nomufungo—zvimwe—mupesvedzero yavazivi vakadai saNietzsche naSchopenhauer. Ichi chinzvimbo cheuzivi uye nehunhu chaive chakasimba mumaitiro ake kune chokwadi uye nekurebesa kweiyo Realism chikumbiro. (regererai redundancy).

Hunhu hwechizvarwa che98

Dingindira nezviri mukati zvakabviswa kure neRealism zvaimiririra rudzi rwekuvandudzwa padyo neModernism, kunyangwe paine zvimwe zvakasarudzika. Kunyangwe mapeni echizvarwa che98 asina kuburitsa mabhuku akaenzana, zvinogoneka kutaura nezve makumi mapfumbamwe-ochist aesthetic.. Inosiyana nemamwe mafambiro kuburikidza nezvinotsanangurwa pazasi:

• Nharembozha inounza pamwechete nhengo dzekutanga, iyo inonzi Boka reVatatu, inoumbwa neAzorín, Baroja neMaeztu, ine manifesto yakabatanidzwa. Icho chikonzero chaive chakanangana nekuvandudzwa kweSpain uye kutsvaga nzira yekumutsidzira rudzi.
• Vamwe vakakumbanira ava varume vatatu, vachinyorera kuitiro hanya yeboka duku. Idzo nhengo nyowani dzakasarudza nyaya inotonyanya kukosha: iyo yekuzivikanwa kweSpanish chaiko, pamusoro pemakirasi ane simba uye akafumiswa akasiya Spain chaiyo padivi.
• Chizvarwa che'98 saka chinoumbwa muboka revarume vakaungana vakatenderedza izwi senzira huru yekuvandudza nyika. Ndizvo zvinoita mabhuku eboka akaunza pamwechete mazano akasiyana-siyana, aesthetics nemhando dzezvinyorwa.
• Chimwe chiratidzo chakasiyana chechizvarwa ichi chaiva kukanganisa kunopesana nemhando dzezvinyorwa zvekare.

Iwo maexponents makuru eChizvarwa che'98

Jose Martinez Ruiz "Azorin" (1863 - 1967)

Munyori wenhau, mudetembi, munyori wenhoroondo, munyori wezvinyorwa uye mutsoropodzi wezvinyorwa ane zita rekunyepedzera raive "Azorín" ndiye akatanga kushandisa zita rekuti "chizvarwa che98". Munyori we<em>monovero—achisundwa nokuda kwenyika yake kwakasimba—akanga anewo upenyu hunoshingaira zvikuru mune zvematongerwe enyika. Naizvozvo, hazvishamisi kuti Chikamu chikuru chezvisikwa zvake zvakatsaurirwa kuongorora dingindira reSpanish tsika.

Zvikuru mabasa

• mweya weCastilian (1900)
• Kuda (1902)
• Antonio Azorin (1903)
• Kureurura kwemuzivi mudiki (1904)
• Awa yeSpain 1560 - 1590 (1924).

Miguel de Unamuno (1864 - 1936)

Rector weYunivhesiti yeSalamanca aive murimi wemarudzi akasiyana ezvinyorwa uye chinyoreso chinozivikanwa kubva kumavambo ayo kusvika parizvino. Saizvozvo, muzivi weBasque uye murume wetsamba akaongorora zvakadzama iyo inonzi "nivola". Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa sezvizvi: nganonyorwa iri kure nemanyorerwo echokwadi, ane varatidziri vakafuratira uye budiriro yekumhanyisa.

Iwo ambotaurwa maitiro ekunyora anoonekwa mu Rudo uye dzidziso (1902), Fog (1914), Abheri sanchez (1917) uye Tete Tula (1921). Mamwe mabasa anozivikanwa nemunyori weBilbao anga ari Hupenyu hwaDon Quixote naSancho (chinyorwa - 1905), Kristu weVelasquez (nhetembo - 1920) uye Musande Manuel Bueno, kufira kutenda (novhero - 1930).

Ramon del Valle-Inclán (1866 - 1936)

Ramon Maria del Valle-Inclan Aive munyori wemitambo, mudetembi, munyori wenhau, mutori wenhau, munyori wenyaya pfupi uye munyori wezvinyorwa, ari padyo neModernism uye munhu akakosha muzvinyorwa zveSpanish. Munyori akaberekerwa muVillanueva de Arosa akazvisiyanisa nekushandisa kwake mutauro unonzwa pamwe chete neracy social satire. Pakutanga kwebasa rake reunyanzvi akaratidza chimiro chakakonzerwa neFrench chiratidzo.

Gare gare, muGalician akangwara akagadzira zvinyorwa zvake nemitambo yake nenzira yaakadana kuti "esperpento" ("zvinotyisa kana kusvota vanhu kana zvinhu). Pakati pezvinonyangadza zvake zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvinomira pachena Mwenje yeBohemian (1920) uye Nyanga dzaDon Frijolera (1920). Saizvozvowo, mabhuku ake Dare reminana (1927) uye raramai muridzi wangu (1928) vakarumbidzwa zvikuru.

Pio Baroja (1872 - 1956)

Pío Baroja y Nessi anga ari munyori mukuru wemabhuku uye munyori wemitambo aive asina tariro zvakanyanya uye mudziviriri wekuzvimiririra. Pfungwa dzake dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakanga dzisinganzwisisiki (akashandura pfungwa dzake kakawanda muupenyu hwake hwose) Uye zvechokwadi nharo. Saizvozvovo, kufanofungira kwake bhuku rakavhurika kwakamuita kuti awane ruvengo rwevapurists.

Pakati peakakosha mabasa emunyori kubva kuSan Sebastian ndeaya:

• Huswa hwakaipa (1904)
• Muti wesainzi (1911)
• Husiku hwekurega zvakanaka (1934)
• muimbi anodzungaira (1950).

Ramiro de Maeztu (1874 - 1936)

Ramiro de Maeztu naWhitney Aive munyori kubva kuVitoria akamira pachena semunyori wezvinyorwa, munyori wenhau, nyanduri uye mutsoropodzi wezvinyorwa. Zvakare, munyori weIberia aive mukurumbira wezvematongerwo enyika wenguva yake uye akatsunga kusimudzira pfungwa ye "Hispanidad". Saizvozvo, chikamu chakanyanya kudzidzwa chebasa rake chinotarisa pane iyi pfungwa, iyo inonzwika mumazita anotevera:

• Kune imwe Spain (1899)
• Don Quixote, Don Juan naLa Celestina (1926)
• Kudzivirirwa kweSpanishi (1934)

Dzimwe nhengo dzakakurumbira dzechizvarwa che'98

• Isaac Albéniz (1860 - 1909); muimbi uye piano
• Ngirozi Gavinet (1865 - 1898); munyori uye mumiriri
• Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869 – 1968); philologist, folklorist uye munyori wenhoroondo
• Ricardo Baroja (1871 - 1953); penda nomunyori.