Mabhuku aJosé Saramago

Zvinyorwa zvekunyora zvaJosé Saramago zvakafukidza hunyanzvi hwakawanda hwakavandudzwa mukati memakore ayo 87 ekuvapo. Kunyangwe akangwara kubva kuPortugal akatora nguva yake kusvika pakuzvitsaurira chaiko muna 1980, pazera remakore makumi mashanu nemanomwe, akasvika mukurumbira wepasirose pazera remakore makumi manomwe nemanomwe, mushure mekugamuchira mubairo weNobel wemabhuku munaNovember 57, 76..

Kunze kwekuve munyori ane mukurumbira, munyori wechiPutukezi akasarudzika semutori wenhau, munyori wemitambo, munyori wenhau, mudetembi uye munyori wenhoroondo. Sekureva kwaJosé Luis Herrera Arciniega (1999), "pamberi paNobel, chinzvimbo chake semunyori akange apfuura chikamu chemabhuku uye akange amugadza pachinzvimbo chemutauriri wenhau uye chapupu nemutauri wezvematongerwo enyika ... ".

Mabhuku aJosé Saramago

Kuberekwa uye mhuri

José Saramago akaberekwa munaNovember 16, 1922 muAzinhaga, musha mudiki wenyika, uri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePortugal. Vabereki vake, José de Souza naMaría da Piedade, vaive varombo. Nekudaro, vakasarudza kuenda kuLisbon pakupera kwa1925, uko baba vake vakapinda muchipurisa. Nguva pfupi vasvika muguta guru, mwanakomana wedangwe wemhuri, Francisco, akashaya.

Saramago, mudzidzi akasarudzika

Mudiki José akasimuka pamamaki ake akanaka muchikoro cheindasitiri yehunyanzvi. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekunetsekana kwemari mumhuri yake, akamanikidzwa kusiya makirasi kunobatsira nemari yemumba. Basa rake rekutanga raive serralheiro (mupfuri) makanika kwemakore maviri.

Zvishandiso zvaJosé Saramago

Kubva kuma1940, akabata mabasa akasiyana siyana: muteresi, mutero wehutano neruzhinji rubatsiro, mupepeti, muturikiri, uye mutori wenhau. Muna 1944 Saramago akaroora Ilda Reis uye akatanga kugadzirwa kwe Nyika yezvivi, bhuku rake rekutanga (rakaburitswa muna1947 pasina budiriro yemunyori, inoenderana nekuzvarwa kwedangwe rake, Violante). Saizvozvo, Saramago akapedza yake yechipiri novel Skylight (isina kuburitswa kusvika 2012).

Gare gare, aive mutsoropodzi wezvekunyora uye mutsika mutsananguri wemagazini Seara nova. Idzo dzaive nguva dzekudzvinyirira murudzi rweIberia. Neichi chikonzero, zvinyorwa zvavo uye zvinyorwa zvakadzikiswa kana kurambidzwa pazviitiko zvakati, kunyanya mu Nhau dzedhayari. Muna 1966 akazove nhengo yebhodhi rekutanga rePortugal Writers Association - iro raakange ari sachigaro kubva muna 1985 kusvika 1994 - ndokuburitsa Une nhetembo.

Kudzvinyirirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwaSalazar

Kunyangwe ainetswa nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwaSalazar, Saramago akafumura noutsinye pfungwa dzake dzekuruboshwe mune zvematongerwo enyika. Saizvozvo, akashanda semutungamiriri uye kugadzirwa kwemanyoro mune yekutsikisa imba kwemakore gumi nemaviri. Mukufananidza, akaita shanduro dzemabasa evanyori vakaita saBaudelaire, Colette, Maupassant naTolstoi. Muna 1969 akabatana (panguva iyoyo zvisiri pamutemo) Communist Party yePortugal uye akarambana Ilda.

Basa rako mu Lisbon pepanhau

Pakati pa1972 na1973 akabata chinzvimbo chemupepeti, muongorori wezvematongerwo enyika uye, kwemwedzi mishoma, murongi wenhau yetsika Lisbon pepanhau. Gore rakatevera akabatana neCarnation Revolution iyo yakaburitsa shanduko kune democracy muPortugal. Muna 1975 aive mutevedzeri wemutungamiriri we Nhau Nhau uye kubva 1976 Saramago aive nekunyora nzira yake chete yekutsigira.

Kurera do Chão uye kubudirira kwakamirirwa kwenguva refu

Chiitiko chakakurumbira mune basa rekunyora raJosé Saramago yaive yekupedzisira kuzvitsaurira muna 1980, mushure mekutanga kwe Kurera do Chão (Kusimudzwa kubva pasi). Iyo inoverengeka inosanganisa zvine hungwaru nhoroondo isina kugadzirwa uye - ingangoita - nhetembo pamusoro pevashandi vaLavre. Ongororo dzakanakisisa dzakagamuchirwa, pamwe nekubudirira kwebhuku mukutengesa, zvakaita kuti munyori wePortugal abudise zvakamira zvisina kumira kwemakore makumi matatu anotevera.

Kunyangwe humbowo hweavo vepedyo naye hunoratidza kuti akanyora kusvika pamazuva ake ekupedzisira. Pakupedzisira, José Saramago akafa pazera remakore makumi masere nemasere nekuda kwekurwara kwenguva refu neleukemia muna Chikumi 87, 18, kumba kwake kuri muTías (Lanzarote), Spain. Akasiya nhaka inodarika mabhuku gumi nemaviri akaburitswa mumhando dzemanyowani, mapepanhau, nhoroondo, nyaya pfupi, theatre uye nhetembo.

Hunhu hwebasa raJosé Saramago

Hupamhi hwepasi rose uye chiyero

Iwo mazhinji emabhuku aJosé Saramago akaburitswa kunze kwenzvimbo yake yekuzvarwa Portugal. Rondedzero yenyika inotungamirwa neSpain (muSpanish neCatalan), ichiteverwa neFrance, Netherlands, Germany (zvese muWestern Federal Republic uye muEastern Democratic Republic), United Kingdom, Greece, Poland, Bulgaria, USSR, Czechoslovakia (muCzech neSlovak), Norway, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Israel, Romania, Hungary, neSwitzerland.

Akabudirira zvakare kuburitsa mabhuku kuJapan, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, neBrazil. Zvinyorwa zvake zvine mukurumbira (iyo Notebooks kubva kuLanzarote), pamwe nemanoveli ake akawana mukurumbira wakawanda pakati pevatauri veSpanish. Pamwe, ake mashoma anozivikanwa mabasa anoenderana yemitambo uye nhetembo.

Saramago uye ake asina chaiwo maitiro

Sekureva kwevaongorori vezvinyorwa vakaita saMartín Vivaldi kana Eduardo Miranda Arrieta, zvakaoma kwazvo kunyora basa raJosé Saramago nekuda kwehurefu uye kusiyana. Mupfungwa iyi, miganho iri pakati perimwe rudzi uye imwe inenge isipo muzvisikwa zvemunyori wechiPutukezi, uyo akasarudza kushanda pasi pechinyorwa chakanyorwa zvinoenderana nezviri mukati uye chinangwa cheshoko rake.

Panyaya iyi, Herrera Arciniega akati: “Kufunga kuti ndonyora nganonyorwa here kana nyaya pfupi, kunyora nhetembo, kugadzira mutambo, kunyora nhoroondo kana kusarudza rondedzero, zvine chekuita nechinangwa chekutaura. Ehe, inyaya yehunyanzvi uye masitaira, pamwe nekudzidziswa, asi zvakare nezvezvinangwa zvekunyora… ”.

Hupfumi uye kuratidza

José Saramago akasanganisa mikana iyo yega yega inopa kupa nzira dzadzo dzekutaura. Mumapeji aro mune kazhinji ndima umo kupindirana kunokunda pamusoro pechiito. Izvi zvinoonekwa chaizvo mumanovel ake Vhangeri maererano naJesu Kristu (1991) uye Mutsara pamusoro peBofu (gumi nemapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe nemashanu); ese ari maviri nhoroondo ane zvakawanda zvinhu zvezvinyorwa.

Kugadziriswa kwayo

Mukuwedzera, zvisikwa zvake zvekunyora zvinoratidza hukuru hwakakura semunyori, kunyangwe - mumashoko aSaramago - achisimbisa kugadzirwa kwemanoveli zvakanyanya. Mune mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvake (pamberi pekugadza kwake) kutaura kusingarambiki kwekunyora kwake uye nebasa rake rakareba rezvenhau kunoonekwa. Naizvozvo, mu Mukwende wevafambi (1973) mifananidzo inoshandiswa kuratidza kunzwa kwekuverenga nyaya.

Kunyatsoshandisa mutauro uye zvinyorwa zvakanaka

Panguva imwecheteyo, Saramago haana kushandisa zvisina kufanira rhetorical exuberance kana muromo webasa; Pane kusiyanisa, akashandisa condenses seyakaomesesa uye inoshanda sosi pakutaura pfungwa nenzira pfupi uye yakajeka. Ndokureva, maitiro ake akanyatso sanganisa kushomeka kwerutivi rwake rwekunyora pamwe nekutaura kushoma kwemutori venhau. Hunhu hwese hwakaiswa mumutsetse wakaringana, kuti musimudzire zvine mutsindo kana kuve neshoko.

José Saramago, munyori wenhoroondo uye wezvematongerwo enyika

Pfungwa dzake dzekuruboshwe dzakadomwa mukati memafungidziro emapato ezvematongerwo enyika muLatin America (MAS muVenezuela kana Workers 'Party muBrazil, semuenzaniso). José Saramago akanyora kubva pachimiro chevanhu uye mumibvunzo yake (semuenzaniso, mu Ndiri mukomunist wehomoni, naJorge Halperín - 2002) pane yakajeka anti-impiriyali sirogani.

Zvisinei, kunyangwe paakapomera United States kuti ndiyo honzeri yezvakawanda zvepasirese zvemakumi emakore apfuura, Saramago aigara aine chinzvimbo chakakomba maererano nekushomeka kwekudzika uye kusangana kweLatin American kuruboshwe. Kunyangwe muhurukuro (2002) naEduardo Miranda Arrieta akati "Nhasi kwasara ndiko kusavapo kwemazano. Uye hapana mukana wekuchinja zvinhu pasina mazano ”.

Imwe yemataurirwo akakurumbira anonzi akataurwa naSaramago anoti "Kana munhu akaumbwa nemamiriro ezvinhu, saka mamiriro ezvinhu anofanira kuumbwa sevanhu." Uye anowedzera, "capitalism haizviite, haina kuzvarirwa iyo. Uye zvingave zvirinani dai tikaziva kuti socialism haina kuzviita futi ... mamiriro ezvinhu ari kutariswa nemamiriyoni evanhu haasi evanhu, haasati ambova uye zvese zvinoratidza kuti havazove ”.

Mune mamwe enganonyorwa dzake dzichangoburwa -The cavern (2000), Murume akadzokororwa (2002), Rondedzero pane lucidity (2004) uye nguva yekufa (2005) - José Saramago anoongorora nyaya dzakadai sekushomeka, kurasikirwa kwekuzivikanwa munharaunda yakakura, miganho yedemokrasi nekusimudzira kusagona kuverenga senzira yekutonga.

Mabhuku naJosé Saramago

Pazasi pane runyorwa rwemabasa aSaramago, mazhinji acho akakodzera kuve pakati mabhuku zana akanakisa.

Novelas

• Nyika yezvivi (1947).
• Chinyorwa chekupenda uye calligraphy (1977).
• Kusimudzwa kubva pasi (1980).
• Ndangariro dzesangano (1982).
• Mwaka wekufa kwaRicardo Reis (1984).
• Dombo raft (1986).
• Nhoroondo yeSiege yeLisbon (1989).
• Vhangeri maererano naJesu Kristu (1991).
• Mutsara pamusoro peBofu (1995).
• Mazita ese (1997).
• The cavern (2000).
• Murume akadzokororwa (2004).
• Rondedzero paLucidity (2004).
• nguva yekufa (2005).
• Rwendo rwenzou (2008).
• Kaini (2009).
• Skylight; yakanyorwa muna 1953, yakaburitswa muna 2011 mushure mekufa kwake.

Nhetembo

• Nhetembo dzinogona kuitika (1966).
• Zvichida mufaro (1970).
• Gore ra1993 (1975).

Nyaya

• Chinenge chinhu (1978).
• Iyo ngano yechitsuwa chisingazivikanwe (1998).

famba

• Rwendo kuenda kuportugal (1981).

Diaries

• Zvinyorwa zveLanzarote 1993-1995 (1997).
• Zvinyorwa zveLanzarote II 1996-1997 (2002).
• Tsamba yacho (2009).
• Yekupedzisira notibhuku (2011).
• Bhuku reNobel gore (2018).

Mabhuku evana - vechidiki

• ruva rakakura kwazvo pasi rose (2001).
• Kunyarara kwemvura (2011).
• Nguruve (2016).