Verenga Lucanor.
Verenga Lucanor ndechimwe cheakanyanya kukosha mabasa enhoroondo, akagadzirwa naDon Juan Manuel pakati pa1331 na1335. Chinyorwa chakazara chine zvikamu zvishanu, kunyange hazvo chakakurumbira uye chakaparadzirwa chiri chekupedzisira (chinoumbwa nemienzaniso makumi mashanu neimwe). Zviri mukati meizvi zvakatendeka zvinoratidza chinangwa chakakosha kwazvo chekunyora panguva ino: hunhu hwetsika.
Saizvozvowo, Verenga Lucanor Icho chimwe chezvidimbu zvekutanga zvikuru muchiSpanish — zvine chinyorwa chakavimbika chakanyorwa— chenguva yakatarwa "kutanga kwemagumo" echiLatin semutauro unoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Sekureva kwevanyori venhau dzakaitika, munyori akapedzisa nyaya iyi mune imwe yenhare zhinji dzaaitonga: iyo Castillo de Molina Seca (Murcia).
Munyori we Verenga Lucanor
Mucheche Don Juan Manuel aive mumwe wevanhu vane simba muhumambo hweCastile mukati mehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore regumi nemana.. Muchokwadi, akaunza pamwechete hombe nhamba yemazita anokudzwa muhupenyu hwake hwese. Nekudaro, raive basa chairo "rinoonekera" (rakapihwa chinzvimbo chepamusoro chemunyori) yenguva yaro.
Izvo hazvigone kuve neimwe nzira nekuda kwemadzitateguru avo, zvakanaka Mambo Alfonso X, "murume akachenjera", aive babamunini vake. Zvakare naFernando III, "mutsvene", sekuru vake, (vese kubva kumhuri yababa vake). Munyori akave nherera aine makore masere, nekuda kweichi chikonzero Mambo Sancho IV weCastile akazova muchengeti wake zviri pamutemo.
Chinyorwa chemazita anokudzwa
Kunze kwekuve mucheche, Don Juan Manuel akagadzira zvisingaverengeki zvehumambo. Vamwe vavo vakagara nhaka yekutenda kudzinza rake, vamwe vakapiwa kwaari sekutenda nebasa rakaitwa kana sechikamu chekutaurirana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Rondedzero yemazita inotungamirwa naPríncipe naDuque de Villena (munhu wekutanga kuigamuchira) uye Señor de Escalona, Peñafiel naElche, pakati pemamwe maguta.
Mukutanga kwehupenyu hwake, akazove mumwe wevarume vane simba muIberian Peninsula yese. Akave neuto rinosvika chiuru chevarwi! Ivo vaingoteerera kuraira kwavo. Akatoisa mari yake ega mukutenderera kwemakore mashoma (tsika yakachengeterwa madzimambo, aive anosarudzika).
Munhu ane ngozi
Mufananidzo waDon Juan Manuel yakashanda zvakanyanya zvekuti madzimambo Fernando IV naAlfonso XI vakafunga Raira kuuraya kwake (imwe neimwe panguva dzakasiyana). Zvisinei, vakasiya zvirongwa zvavo nekufanoona kusagadzikana kungangoitika kwakamuka mushure mekufa kwechimiro ichi.
Anokosha asina kukodzera?
Semunhu wepamusoro-soro pevakuru, vazhinji vakafarira chokwadi chekuzvipira kwake kunyora. Nekuti hofisi iyi yaive inokodzera se "isina kukodzera" kune vanokudzwa, panzvimbo pezvo yakachengeterwa vanhu vanobva pazasi tambo. Chero zvazvingaitika, Don Juan Manuel haana hanya neaya maonero anozvidza.
Kunyangwe mucheche akasvika pakuziva kuti chiitiko chekunyora chakamuunzira mufaro uye mufaro. Kusvika padanho rekuti - kana achinge abva pamatongerwo enyika nemitambo yemagetsi makore ake ekupedzisira akatsaurirwa chete kurima hunyanzvi hwake. Chokwadi chinotaurirwa, mazwi acho ainyatso kumudadisa.
ChiGiriki chimiro munyori
Don Juan Manuel.
Zvese zviri pamusoro zvaive zvakanyanya atypical. Uyezve, "munyori kuziva" kwaive kusipo mu nguva yepakati. Kare kumashure avo vakanyora vaingogumira mukungove vanyori vezvinyorwa avo chete marezinesi aive "ekushongedza" nyaya dzakatorwa mutsika yemuromo.
Zvisinei, Don Juan Manuel akave nechokwadi chekuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvake kubva mumaoko eava "vanyori". Akawanda emabasa ake (pakati pawo, Verenga Lucanor) yakaramba yakavanzwa kwemazana emakore mumusangano weSan Pablo de Peñafiel.
Verenga Lucanor, basa rine mutoo waro
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Verenga Lucanor
Don Juan Manuel aizivikanwawo se "murwi ane mbiri", nekuti panguva dzinoverengeka akatungamira mauto ake kunhandare yehondo, achigara achikunda. In consecuense, zviitiko zvemauto zvakamubatsira kusimbisa yakasarudzika nzira yekunyora.
Kunyangwe hazvo hunosungirwa hunhu hwehunhu seyakabatana pamabasa ake ese, chinangwa chikuru che Verenga Lucanor zvaive zvakati siyanei. Chaizvoizvo, chinangwa chayo chaive chekutarisa dzakakwirira nzanga ... kune vanokudzwa uye nevanhu vakavhenekerwa.
Kubva pane zvisingabvumirwe kukongiri
Uku kutsvagurudza kwakamubvumidza iye kuti akudziridze rondedzero inokwanisa kugovera nezvinhu zvisingabvumirwe kutarisa pazvinhu zvekongiri. Zvakaenzana, Chinangwa chavo chikuru chaive chekuburitsa hukuru hwepfungwa, vachishandisa mashoma mazwi. Nechikonzero ichi, vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vanomutsanangura semunhu "anofungisisa" kumberi kwenguva yake.
Verenga Lucanor, muenzaniso wakajeka weUchenjeri Zvinyorwa
Zvirokwazvo, iyo poindi "yakashandiswa" zvizere uye neruzivo rwemunyori rwechokwadi, ipfungwa yeUchenjeri Zvinyorwa. Mukukosha, Inoita akateedzana emabhuku mafupi ane mitsara ine simba, inogara iine hunhu. Pamusoro pezvo, mabviro ekupokana kwavo anodzokera kune vakachenjera veGreek Yekare.
Verenga Lucanor Iyo inonongedza munzira imwechete, kunyangwe iyo genesi yenyaya iri yemusiyano mavambo. Mupfungwa iyi, Don Juan Manuel akatora zvaakasangana nazvo padanho rezvematongerwo enyika uye munhandare dzehondo. Saizvozvowo, yaive yakavakirwa pakukurukurirana kwemarudzi akasiyana siyana. Kubva kwake nedzimwe nhengo dzevanokudzwa uye kusangana nemadzimambo, kune anecdotes evaranda vake.
Macho mweya
Iwo mweya uripo wenguva ino unoratidzwa zvakajeka mune yega yetsika iripo mune diki mienzaniso. Iyi mitsara yakadai se "mune zvimwe zvinhu zvaunogona kuvimba nazvo, kupfuura fungidziro dzaunofanirwa kubva". "Pamusoro pazvose, iwe uchada hupfumi hwechokwadi, iwe unozvidza, muchidimbu, zvinoparara zvakanaka." "Uyo muvengi wako akambove pasina uye haufanire kutenda."
Kana uchitarisa ne "maziso Zviuru zvemakore"Basa rese, chirevo" macho "chinobuda. Imwe yengano idzi inopfupikiswa neinotevera idi: "Kubva pakutanga, murume anofanira kudzidzisa mukadzi wake maitiro." Chero zvazvingaitika (kutaura chokwadi kumunyori) zvinodikanwa kuti uongorore kufunga kwemunyori mukati mechimiro chazvo, hongu, pasina kuviga zvimwe chokwadi.
A "movie" hunhu
Quote naDon Juan Manuel.
Middle Ages ndeimwe yenguva dzinopokana zvikuru munhoroondo yevanhu. Kunyanya, mitambo yezvematongerwo enyika yakaitika munzvimbo dzave kugara Spain nePortugal dzaive dzechokwadi Machiavellian zvirongwa. Neichi chikonzero, Don Juan Manuel chimiro chakakodzera ngano pakureba kwenhaka yake.
Zvingava zvinorevei kune "anokudzwa knight" kuzvivharira nhare uye kuzvidzinga kubva pasirese kuzvipira mukunyora? Eheka, basa rake rinokosheswa nhasi, iyo nyaya yekuverengeka kuongororwa uye kudzidza. Vagara panguva yake (Madzimambo, Kuverenga naMadzishe) vagamuchira sei "mharidzo" dze Verenga Lucanor?… Dzidziso dzake dzainangidzirwa kwavari chete.