Iwo maDreyfus kesi mabhuku.
Iyo Dreyfus nyaya yaive pachena kutsamwa, kuratidza kupesana-kwechiSemite kwakapararira muEurope mukupera kweXNUMX uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kaputeni Alfred Dreyfus, akaitwa mbudzi yakakwana yekuvhara zvikanganiso zvedunhu raiora. Iye wechidiki musoja wechiJudha akabva akasungwa mangwanani-ngwanani kwaGumiguru 14, 1894, achipomerwa mhosva yekuendesa ruzivo kuGerman.
Jordi Corominas kubva El Confidencial (2020), inosimbisa kuti mamiriro enheyo yeTatu French Republic yakatanga mamiriro ekusaruramisira. Paive nekushatirwa kukuru muFrance mushure mekukundwa hondo nePrussia muna 1870 uye kuziviswa kwehumambo hweGerman kuVersailles. Zvakare, kupanduka kweCommune kunotungamirwa nezvido zvevashandi veMarxist kwakaguma kwakonzera kuti nyika igwinhe zvachose.
Background
Mumvuri wekudzoreredzwa kwehumambo pamwe nekubviswa kwemitemo yechitendero kuita nzira yedzidzo yepasirese, kwakawedzera kusagadzikana kuripo. VaFrance vakatakura kusagadzikana uku chinyararire, asi varipo kwazvo mune yavo psyche pamwe nekushuva kutsiva uye kuwedzera nyika. Saizvozvowo, kumisikidzwa kwemazuva ano anti-Semitism na Édouard Drumont kwakawedzera mamiriro ezvinhu.
Makumi maviri ekupedzisira ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX akaona kudzikisira kwehunhu hwekuzvikudza kweFrance. Kutanga, kutyisidzirwa kwekubvongodzwa nemukurumbira General Boulanger kwakanyanyisa. Gare gare, nyonganiso yePanama Canal yakafukunura hurongwa hukuru hwakakanganisa vezvemabhizinesi, veparamende nevatori venhau. Tsamba yakawanikwa mubhini remarara pamuzinda weGerman yairatidza bhomba hombe.
Alfred dreyfus
Alfred Dreyfus ndiye ainyanyo kukodzera kufungidzira kupedza nyota yenzanga yeFrance yekutsiva. Akazvarwa muAlsace muna Gumiguru 9, 1859, Dreyfus akatamira nemhuri yake yakapfuma yechiJuda kuenda kuFrance apo Germany yakakunda nyika yake. Akasarudza kuve mugari weFrance uye akashuvira kudzokerazve kweAlsace kuFrance. Neichi chikonzero, akatanga basa remauto ndokupinda mu Polytechnic School in 1882.
Muna 1889 akasvika pachinzvimbo chekaputeni uye gore rakatevera akazobatana neHurumende yeHondo. Pakutanga kwa1893 aive chikamu cheGeneral Staff yeFrench War Ministry. Muna 1894 akamhan'arirwa nemhosva yekuita zveusori uye gakava rakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yekupokana nevaSemite. Pakati pemakore gumi nemaviri kubvira nyaya (1894 - 1906), nzanga yeFrance yakakamurwa zvakanyanya pakati pevatsigiri nevanozvidza Dreyfus.
Kuzadzikiswa kwekusarongeka kwenhoroondo
Iyo Dreyfus kesi yakaburitsa yakawanda nhamba yemabhuku kusvika parizvino. Mazhinji emabasa aya haazi magwaro ezvakaitika kare, asi anotarisa kumatambudziko uye zvisingakoshi diatribes. Nekudaro, iwo anonyanya kubatsira zvinyorwa kuti unzwisise chimiro chezvepfungwa pamwe nenyaya yacho. Kunyanya kunetsa ndiko kumira kunotyisa kwevakawanda veGallic yekumisidzana naDreyfus yenhaka yake yechiHebheru.
Alfred Dreyfus akange atongwa nekukasira nedare remauto achipomerwa mhosva yekupandukira hurumende uye akatongerwa kugara mujeri kweDhiyabhorosi Island (French Guyana). Zvaipomerwa mumhan'ari hazvina kumbonzwikwa uye hapana nguva yaakabvumidzwa kuona humbowo hwaimupomera. Pane kudaro, akanyadziswa pachena uye mauto ake ese akaderedzwa.
J'Accuse
J'Accuse (Ndinopomera) naEmilie Zola ingangove chinyorwa chakanyanya kukosha chakanyorwa panguva yekukwirira kwenyaya yaDreyfus Yakaonekwa papeji rekutanga repepanhau L'Aurore musi waNdira 13, 1898 muchimiro chetsamba yakavhurika kumutungamiriri weFrance, Félix Faure. Zola akaedza - kubudirira - kusungwa uye kudzoreredza nyaya "yakakanganwika" yaDreyfus muchiedza chevanhu veFrance.
Makore maviri mushure mekutongwa kwaDreyfus, mukuru achangosimudzirwa wehungwaru, Georges Picquart, akawana mutengesi wechokwadi mukati meuto reFrance. Iye chaiye akakonzeresa aive mukuru (mudzidzi weDrumont) Ferdinand Walsin Esterházy. Asi Picquart akapomerwa mhosva yekupa humbowo hwenhema uye akatumirwa kunzvimbo dzekumhiri kwemakungwa kuti asadzokere kumatare. With J'Accuse, Zola akamutsa kusanyara kwese kwakaitika kusvika panguva iyoyo.
J'accuse naEmilie Zola.
Migumisiro yaEmile Zola
Zola akazova gamba kuvose varume vakanaka vakakotamiswa kuchikonzero wemusikisi. Pakati pevadzidzi vaifarira Dreyfus, Bernard Lazare akaburitsa muna 1896 zvinyorwa zvichipesana nekusawirirana kwemhosva. Asi Lazare haana kutambura sekutsvairwa kwakawanda zvichienzaniswa naZola. Eya, ese anodzvinyirira maSemite uye anochengetedza midhiya akaonesa wekupedzisira semurume anopesana nezvinodiwa nenyika.
Emilie Zola aifanira kuenda kuutapwa kuEngland. Kubva ipapo akaenderera mberi nekuzvidzivirira kwake kwaDreyfus nekurwisa kwake vatori vechikamu mukutongwa kwakaipisisa: Colonel Paty de Clam, MaGeneral Mercier naBillot ... Pakupedzisira, Zola akafa musi waSeptember 29, 1902 (anofungidzirwa) akakanganiswa mushure mekuvhara chimney che imba yake. Kunyangwe, mumabhuku akaburitsa posteriori nezve J'Accuse, vakamutsa dzidziso pamusoro pemhondi yakavhara choto chemoto.
Iyo nyaya yeiyo Dreyfus kesinaJoseph Reinach
Akangwara wemusikisi akaburitsa basa rake mumavhoriyamu manomwe pakati pa1901 na1911. Ine humbowo hwakasimba hwakajeka hwesainzi uye kumwe kufungidzira kwega pamudzi wenyaya. Basa raReinach rinoumba hwaro hwemabhuku akaonekwa pane Dreyfus nyaya kubva muna 1960 zvichienda mberi. Pakati pavo, Mhosva isina Dreyfus (1961) naMarcel Thomas uye Esterházy Enigma naHenri Guillemin (vese kubva muna 1961).
Iyo Nyaya yeiyo Dreyfus Affair, naJoseph Reinach.
Zvakawanda zvichangobva kutumirwa
Rimwe remabhuku achangoburwa rakanyorwa naDenis Bon. Munyori uyu anodisisa miedzo ine mukurumbira uye ine gakava munhoroondo yazvino. Mukufunga kwake anosiya mibvunzo kuitira kukanganisa muverengi. Yaive nyaya yeusori here kana kuti yaive nyaya yehurumende? Icho chiratidzo chekurwisa-chiHeberu rusaruro rweFrance nzanga panguva iyoyo? Iyo Dreyfus Nyaya (2016) naBon, hapana mashizha akasununguka.
Saizvozvo, mu Bhuku rematsotsi Kubva aa. VV. (2018), inopa akakodzera maonero emutemo uye mhosva dzevadzidzi. Iyo Dreyfus kesi (pakati pevamwe) inotsanangurwa kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwepfungwa nezvevatadzi vayo mukuwirirana neyakarerekera nzira yekutonga. Uye zvakare, inopa yakadzama zvinyorwa zvinyorwa uye mifananidzo yakawanda inosimudzira iyo nyaya.
Kugadziriswa kwenyaya iyi
Walsin Esterházy akareurura mhosva dzake makore akati wandei mushure mekugadziriswa kwenyaya iyo yaive yadonha nemvumo ye1899. Dare rechipiri rekurwa - mukushayikwa kwemupomerwa - rakamuwana aine mhosva pasi pe "mamiriro ekufungidzira." Mutungamiri mutsva weFrance, ilimilie Loubet, akapa ruregerero kuna Dreyfus (kuchenesa chimiro chake neicho chebato rake rezvematongerwo enyika). Asi chibvumirano chainyadzisa: Dreyfus aisakwanisa kutora mhosva yake.
Alfred Dreyfus akagamuchira chikumbiro nekuti aingoda kudzokera kumhuri yake. Akadzokera kuFrance akakomberedzwa nekuvanzika kwazvo. Aifanira kumirira kusvika Chikunguru 1906 kuti asunungurwe zvachose uye agadziriswe nedare revagari. Kunyangwe asina kumbobvira asunungurwa nedare remauto, chinzvimbo chake chemauto chakadzorerwa munzvimbo imwechete iyo yaakatorerwa bakatwa neunifomu.
Makore apfuura aAlfred Dreyfus uye nhaka yenyaya yake
Iyo Dreyfus Affair naDenis Bon.
Alfred Dreyfus aishanda panguva yeHondo Yenyika I saLieutenant Colonel muchikamu chekudzorera. Pakapera hondo, akarega basa zvachose kusvikira afa muParis, musi wa12 Chikunguru 1935; aive nemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu. Panguva ino kushingairira maSemite kwakasimudzirwa nemasangano evaFascist muNazi Germany neMosolini's Italy yakanga yatopupura.
Alfred Dreyfus iye pachake ndiye akaurayiwa muFrench Pantheon muna 1908. Zvakaitika panguva yemutambo wekutamisa zvisaririra zvaEmile Zola, apo Louis Gregori akamukuvadza nepfuti paruoko. Anorwisa akaregererwa mushure mekuzivisa kuti haana kuyedza kurwisa murume, asi kupokana nechikonzero. Chiitiko ichi chaive kufungidzira kwehutsinye hwaiitirwa maJuda hwakaburitswa kusvika pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.