Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, baba vezvinyorwa zvekunyora
Chinyorwa chezvinyorwa chinoverengwa seimwe yemhando huru mumabhuku. Inowanikwa pamwe chete nedramaturgy, rondedzero uye nhetembo - kunyangwe paine imwe didactic nuance -. Ichi chinyorwa chipfupi chakanyorwa nenganonyorwa apo munyori anoongorora, anoongorora kana kududzira musoro wenyaya nenzira yemusoro asi ichinyorwa. Chinangwa chayo ndechekuitirana nharo pamusoro peimwe nyaya.
Madingindira enganonyorwa akasiyana sehupenyu pachahwo. Izvo zvakanyorwa pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika, pedagogy, hunyanzvi kana huzivi. Matauriro enharo anobva pakuda kwemunyori kutaura zvaanofunga pamusoro pechimwe chinhu. Izvo zvinotarisirwa kupembedza nharo idzi kuburikidza nekutsvaga pasina kuve basa rehunyanzvi.
Hunhu hwechinyorwa chekunyora
Chinyorwa chekunyora haisi thesis kana monograph - aya mabasa akawanda emhando yesainzi. Chinyorwa ipfupiso uye yemahara inonangana nevateereri vakawanda. Nokuda kweichi chikonzero, rinoshandisa mutauro unoda kunzwisiswa nechiverengero chikurusa chavanhu.
Nekudaro, semutemo wese anoshandisa stylistic uye nhetembo zviwanikwa. Izvi zvinopa hupenyu hukuru kune gakava iro munyori anoda kukudziridza. Nenzira iyi, chinyorwa chekunyora chine humwe hunhu hunodiwa kuti uiise mukati mechikamu ichi. Zvimwe zvacho ndezvizvi:
- Anopa maonero anoenderana nebasa remunyori rekutsvagisa;
- Inoshanda sekutanga uye chinyorwa chekudzidzisa kugadzira nharo;
- Zvine musoro kunyora zvinopfupikisa chinyorwa chedzidzo, tsika, kana kukosha kwemagariro (Wikipedia.org, 2022).
Zvikamu zvechinyorwa chezvinyorwa
Humwe hunhu hukuru hwenganonyorwa kuve gwaro remahara, rinoratidza uye rinokurudzira. Rinochinjika nekuti basa rayo nderekutendera munyori kuti asuma dingindira uye aenderere mberi kubva pamaonero ake.. Asi pane zvinhu zvakajairika zvinowanzoita chinyorwa chemhando iyi. Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chimiro chemuenzaniso kugadzira chinyorwa:
Induction
Muchikamu chino Nheyo yenharo yemusoro wenyaya ichakudziridzwa mundima dzinotevera inoburitswa pachena. Kazhinji, inoda kupfupika kupa nzira kune zviri mukati.
Development
Apa ndipo panozokwidziridzwa nemunyori. Idzi nedzidziso zvinoburitswa pachena. Iwe unogona zvakare kutaura masosi eruzivo kuzivisa muverengi nezve hwaro hwechidzidzo chako. Ichi chikamu chinowanzova chakareba uye chakaoma zvikuru.
Kuvhara
Zviri maererano nemhedziso dzakasvikwa nemunyori werondedzero. Heino nharo dzekupedzisira dzepfungwa, uye zviya zvinotsigira pfungwa dzemunyori zvinoratidzwa. Kazhinji haisi chikamu chakafara kwazvo.
Zvimiro zvemukati zvinogona kuve nenganonyorwa
Nekuda kwerusununguko rwakapihwa pacharwo chinyorwa chekunyora, chimiro chayo chemukati chinogona kurongwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvese zvinoenderana nekuti munyori arikuda kuumba sei pfungwa yake — mhedziso isati yatanga kana budiriro isati yasuma. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, tine izvi zvakasiyana-siyana:
analytical uye deductive
Kuburikidza nekuumbwa uku, munyori anotanga ataura pfungwa huru yekupokana kwake. Anobva aenderera mberi nekukudziridza dingindira, anopa muverengi ruzivo, uye oongorora dzidziso yake zvakadzama.
Synthesizing uye inductive
Maumbirwo emhando iyi anoongorora nharo dziri panotangira chinyorwa, uye anosiya kumagumo kuratidzwa kwetisisi kana mhedziso.
framed
Muchiitiko ichi, thesis inoburitswa pakutanga kwechinyorwa. Pakati pakanyorwa nharo nedata zvakaunganidzwa nemunyori. Saizvozvo, iyo thesis yekutanga inogadziridzwa kubva kune data, kuti gare gare kushandisa mhedziso (idunneditorial.com, 2022).
Mhando dzenganonyorwa
Zvinyorwa zvekunyora zvakaedza kuzvironga pazviitiko zvakawanda. Zvakadaro, zvinovasiyanisa zvine chekuita nemadingindira kana zvinzvimbo zvavanotaura. Mimwe mienzaniso yeizvi ndeiyi:
rondedzero yemanovhero
Rudzi urwu rwenganonyorwa runoda kuongorora nganonyorwa -kazhinji yakaoma- kugadzira nharo pamusoro pavo. Muenzaniso weizvi ndeuyu Garcia Marquez: nyaya yedeicide, yemunyori Mario Vargas Llosa.
philosophical literary essay
Niccolò Machiavelli
Pane rondedzero dzakananga pamisoro yehuzivi. Nekudaro, pamusoro pekugadzirisa nyaya dzine chekuita nehupenyu kana rufu, rudo kana nzanga ..., Rudzi urwu rwechinyorwa runoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekurondedzera rondedzerosemidziyo yekunyora.
Misanganiswa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa
Tinogona kuwana miedzo iyoyo taura nyaya dzinopfuura imwechete. Zvingava kuti munyori akadzidza kutaura rondedzero-nhoroondo, nhetembo-uzivi kana nzanga-zvematongerwo enyika.
Manyorerwo enganonyorwa
Usati watora basa rekunyora rondedzero, zvinodikanwa kuita tsvagiridzo pamusoro pemusoro unozokurukurwa. Zvinobatsira zvikuru kugadzira runyoro rwepfungwa, kuaisa mumapoka, uye kurasa ayo asingaratidzike nyore..
Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ako, munyori anogona kushandisa kana kuburitsa chimiro chechisikigo kana chakagadzirwa kuti chimubatsire kuronga musoro wake. Izvi zvinogona kuva:
- Vanyori: kupwisa muverengi.
- Nhoroondo: yakabatana netsanangudzo yechiitiko.
- Didactic: dzakagadzirwa nenzira yekuti dzinobva pane dzakapusa kuenda kune dzakaoma.
- mune media res: kubva pamubvunzo kusvika painotangira budiriro.
Neichi chakajeka, zvinokwanisika kugadzira kugovera kwakananga. Zvakanaka, iwe unofanirwa kunyora uine chinangwa chekupa kunzwisisa kwakakura, nemhedzisiro uye inogutsa kune vese munyori werondedzero nemuverengi.
Nekune rimwe divi, pakunyora rondedzero yenharo, thesis ndicho chikamu chikuru. Mariri munyori anofanira kuburitsa chinzvimbo chake.
Panyaya yerondedzero yezvinyorwa, munyori werondedzero anofanira kupa tsanangudzo yakajeka yemusoro wenyaya. Hazvikurudzirwi kuti chinyorwa chipfuure ndima imwe kana mbiri (Wikipedia, 2022). Mhedziso yakakosha sezvimwe zvikamu. Zvisinei, inofanira kuva yakanyanya kupfupika.
Nhoroondo shoma pamusoro pechinyorwa chezvinyorwa
Mutsika yedu yese kwave kune kuverengeka kunoshamisa kwevafungi vakafumura pfungwa dzavo kunyika. Zvakadaro, chinyorwa chekutanga chatinacho chenganonyorwa chaiyo - yakatumidzwa saizvozvo nekuda kwemaitiro ayo matsva- date of 1580. Mugore rino munyori wechiFrench Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (1553-1582) akapa Kuedzwa. Izwi rinobva mumutauro wavo, uye rinoreva "kuedza."
Kune rumwe rutivi, tina Francis Bocon (1561-1626), aizobudisa ake Kuedzwa muna 1597. Zvaisazove kusvika muzana ramakore regumi nemasere apo rudzi rwekunyora urwu rwaizotora simba rinodiwa kuti ive zvariri nhasi. Mafambiro akadai seChiedza uye bourgeois Individualism akaunza zvinyorwa kuvanhuwo zvavo neruoko rwaSamuel Johnson kana William Hazlitt (biografiasyvidas.com, 2022).
Mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvine mukurumbira
Chinyorwa chekunyora chakashandira vanhu vazhinji vane chipo chehunyanzvi chekutaura pfungwa dzavo. Mupfungwa iyi, zvinyorwa zvenhoroondo zvakaunganidza mamwe ezvinyorwa zvinopenya zvikuru uye zvakapfuura zvezvinyorwa zviripo. Muenzaniso wavo ndiwo mabasa anotevera:
- Essays pamusoro pehunhu nezvematongerwo enyika (1597), rakanyorwa naFrancis Bacon;
- Muchinda (1550) Niccolo Machiavelli;
- The nhetembo musimboti (1850), kubva Edgar Allan Poe;
- Don Quixote Kufungisisa (1914), rakanyorwa naJosé Ortega y Gasset;
- Mweya wemutemo (1748) naMontesquieu;
- dimikira zvakare (1928), kubva Jorge Luis Borges.