Nderipi bhuku rakanakisa pasi rese? Pamwe, kune murapi wechitendero mhinduro iri pachena ingave iri Bhaibheri, Iyo Torah kana Iyo Korani. Kunyangwe iwo ari magwaro echokwadi asingagumi uye azere nenhoroondo dzakanyatsotaurwa, kusarudzwa kweimwe chete yavo kunounza gakava redzidziso (zvisina basa). Nekudaro - chaizvo kubva pakuona kwekunyorwa kwekunyora - ivo havagone kukwikwidza pamusiyano wakadai.
Saizvozvo, kukwidziridza chinyorwa se "nhamba yekutanga" yevanhu vese inyaya - zvirokwazvo - kuzviisa pasi. (Kunze kwekunge iri nyaya yezvinhu zvinoverengeka, semuenzaniso: huwandu hwemakopi akatengeswa). Nezvikonzero izvi, Muchinyorwa chino, mazita akati wandei anotsanangurwa zvichibva pakukosha kwenhoroondo uye kukosha mune zvinyorwa zvepasirese.
Don Quijote weLa Mancha (1605), naMiguel de Cervantes
Biographical synthesis yemunyori
Cervantes Akazvarwa muAlcalá de Henares, Spain, muna 1547. Kubva achiri mudiki kwazvo akaratidza kufarira Mabhuku, achitanga nhetembo. Gare gare, Parwendo rwakakurumbira kuenda kuItari, akaverenga imwe nhetembo yechivalric yakakurudzira runyorwa rwekupedzisira rwe Quixote. Munyori akashandawo muHondo yeLepanto mumauto echiKristu, chokwadi chakakurudzirawo chinyoreso chake.
Mushure mekudzokera kuSpain akasungwa muAlgiers muna 1575. Paaive akasungwa, akatambura mhando dzese dzekusangana. Paakasunungurwa, akazvipira kumabasa akasiyana siyana uye akanyora Iyo galatea, rake rekutanga basa rakakura. Gare gare, akaiswa mutorongo zvakare muna 1597.
Mukuvharirwa kwechipiri uku, Cervantes akabata iyo Quixote, tenzi wake opera. Akafira muMadrid muna 1616 aine makore makumi matanhatu nemasere.
Kukosha kwebasa
Akangwara Gentleman Don Quijote weLa Mancha, ane chikamu chekutanga chakaburitswa muna 1605, anonzi ndiye kupayona basa renhoroondo yazvino. Izvi zvinokonzereswa nenjodzi uye neruzivo rwekudyidzana maitiro, izvo zvaisanganisira nyaya, "zvinyorwa" uye kuiswa kwemamwe marudzi mukati mepakati pebumbiro.
Saizvozvowo, Don Quijote weLa Mancha ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mutsika yekusimbisa mutauro wechiSpanish; ndiko kuti, mutauro werudzi rwunobva. Chokwadi chekuti muzana ramakore regumi neshanu madzimambo eSpain akakwanisa kudzinga maMuslim uye kuwanikwa kweAmerica kwakaitika, kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuna Don Quixote kuti azoshanda semubatsiri mukuru wechiCastilian.
Chii chinonzi Don Quixote nezve?
Hidalgo anobva kuLa Mancha anopenga kubva pakuverenga chivalric novels zvakanyanya, kusvika padanho rekuzvidzivirira iye semukono anokanganisa, kunyange hofisi yakadaro yakanga yatonyangarika. Nekudaro, Alonso Quijano anova Don Quixote uye "anoshandura" vavakidzani vaviri. Imwe inogadzirwa ne squire yake -Sancho Panza- uye imwe nemurandakadzi wake, - Aldonza Lorenzo, waakasimudza Dulcinea del Toboso.
Nenzira iyi, knight uye squire yake vanoenda kunotsvaga zviitiko zvakanaka kuitira kuti "wake" Dulcinea adzidze nezve kukosha kwaDon Quixote. Nekudaro, taura pamusoro pemhando dzese dzekupenga zvinhu, uchiwana kusekwa nekurambwa, asi simbirira pazvikonzero zvekunyepedzera kusvikira wanunurwa nemhuri neshamwari. Chekupedzisira, anoendeswa kumba, anonzwisisa kuti zvakaitika zvakatangira mundangariro dzake, anosuruvara uye anofa.
Iyo yeVamwari Kunyemwerera (1304 na1321), naDante Alighieri
Dante, nyanduri akasarudzika
Achifungidzirwa semudetembi mukuru weItaly wenguva dzose, Dante akaberekerwa muFlorence muna 1265. Munguva yehudiki hwake musikana anonzi Beatrice aigona kukurudzira protagonist wemutambo wake. Sejaya jaya, akaziva ndangariro yake ine simba, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwekudhirowa. Akataurawo nezveumhanzi uye zvombo.
Saizvozvowo, akafuridzirwa nerufu rwaBatriz, rudo rwake rusingagone, akanyora iyo Vita nuova. Gare gare, Dante akadzidza chiLatin zvekare uye uzivi, akaroora, uye akapinda mune zvematongerwo enyika. Gare gare, akatongerwa kutapwa uye, muna 1302, kuti apiswe ari mupenyu kana akadzokera kuFlorence. Neichi chikonzero, akatanga hupenyu hwekudzungaira kuburikidza nemaguta eItari, kudzamara agara muRavenna, kwaakafira musi waGunyana 14, 1321.
Nhaka ye La Divine Comedy
Simba rayo pane hunyanzvi senge zvinyorwa, pendi, zvivezwa, mimhanzi uye kunyangwe kune inouya tsika inozivikanwa muWest haina kupokana.. Munguva pfupi tinogona kutaura nezve kuburuka kwechikamu ichi paRomanticism. Saizvozvowo, mumufananidzo uye kupenda, kubva kuna Doré kuenda kuna Blake; mumimhanzi, Frankz Liszt; mumifananidzo, Auguste Rodin ...
Uyezve, Iko kukosha kukuru kweiyo Dantesque Comedy iri mune yayo yepasirese hunhu uye mukushanda kwayo mazana manomwe emakore gare gare. Panyaya iyi, TS Elliot akataura kuti "Pfungwa dzinogona kunge dzakasviba, asi izwi rakanakisa" ... nekudaro kuverenga kwaro kunowanikwa. Muchidimbu, icho chidimbu chinogona kuverengerwa muvhesi kana prose, neruzhinji rwevanhu kana kwete, izere nekuenzanisa kwehunyanzvi
Nezve basa
Iyo yeVamwari Kunyemwerera Iro nhetembo mumutauro weItaly yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: Hell, Purigatori neParadhiso, iine gumi nemana makumi matatu nemana nemakumi matatu nematatu mavhesi. Inorondedzera rwendo rwemudetembi Dante, mukambani yeVirgil, kuburikidza nepasi pevhu panguva yezvikamu zviviri zvekutanga. Gare gare, pamwe chete nemudiwa wake Beatriz, akafamba chikamu chechitatu, Paradhiso.
Dante anotanga ataura nezverwendo rwake kuburikidza neGehena uye anorondedzera mavara semudzidzisi wake wekutanga. Pakarepo, vanoenda kuPurigatori, nzvimbo yekucheneswa kwemweya wakakanganwirwa naMwari. Pakupedzisira, protagonist anosiya Virgilio achifamba nemuParadhiso naBeatriz. Ikoko, akakomberedzwa nechiedza uye nziyo dzakanaka, anosvika pakufara pamberi paUtatu Hutsvene.
Hamlet (1601), naWilliam Shakespeare
Hupenyu hwaShakespeare, muchidimbu
Akazvarwa muna Kubvumbi 1564 kuEngland, William Shakespeare inoonekwa seimwe yevanonyanya kukosha vanyori venyika mabhuku. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvehudiki hwake uye hudiki, kunze kwekuti iye aive mwanakomana wemabhizimusi wemuno uye wezvematongerwo enyika kubva kumhuri yeKaturike. Saizvozvo, zvinozivikanwa kuti basa rake semutambi uye munyori wemitambo rakatanga paakasimuka achienda kuLondon muna 1590.
Munguva yehudiki hwake akatanga kushanda mukambani yaIshe Chamberlain's Men theatre; ipapo akazopedzisira ave muridzi-muridzi (uye mukurumbira wake ukawedzera). Yakawedzerwa kune izvi, Shakespeare akanyora nhetembo dzakanaka, asi ainyanyo kuzivikanwa nenyaya dzake dzinosiririsa (Hamlet o Macbeth, Semuyenzaniso). Akafa musi waApril 23, 1616.
Kufurirwa Hamlet
Zvinogona kutaurwa pasina kuwedzeredza kuti iyo yese Shakespearean theatre inosarudza mumabhuku ekupedzisira. (zvichiri mune izvozvi zvakakosha). Naizvozvo, zvinonetsa kuona kuti Hamlet Izvo zvakakosha kupfuura Macbeth chii Romeo naJuliet. Nekudaro, mu Hamlet une chikamu chinomiririra zvechokwadi chese Shakespearean zvisikwa.
Kune izvi, mu Hamlet kukosha kwakanyanya mukufungidzira kwepasirese kwakabatana kunogona kusimbiswa, mumitauro yakasiyana siyana netsika, semuenzaniso. Kune izvi zvinowedzerwa, tarenda risingakundiki rekugadzira zvechokwadi mavara emunhu maanowanikwa nemuverengi kuti aone. Zvakare, Izvo zvinodikanwa kuratidza yakasarudzika yehunyanzvi uye stylistic hupfumi hwemunyori, ichive chirevo chezvizvarwa kusvika nhasi.
Pfupiso yedambudziko iri
MuElsinor, Denmark, mambo apfuura. Nekudaro, munin'ina wake Claudio anoroora mambokadzi, Gertrude, nepo muchinda achiratidzika kunge anonetsekana. Chii chimwe, kutyisidzirwa kwekupinda muNorway pasi pekurairwa kweFortimbrás, kunoratidzika senge kumashure kwakakura kune yakasangana nhamo. Saka, mweya wamambo unozivisa kuna Hamlet kuti mukoma wake akamuuraya uye anokumbira kutsiva.
Tevere, kutsamwa kunodzikisira mutongo we protagonist, uyo anokanganisa kuuraya Polonio uye anopedzisira atarisana ne duel neLaertes (nerangano hwaClaudio). Mune dhenement, mambokadzi netsaona anonwa muchetura, uku Hamlet naLaertes vachidonha kubva pfumo rine muchetura.. Kunyangwe muchinda anopedzisa kutsiva kwake asati afa.
Mamwe mabhuku epasirese
- Mhosva uye Kurangwa (1866), naFyodor Dostoevsky
- Zvinoshungurudza (1862), naVíctor Hugo
- KubwinyanaJohann Goethe
- Ishe wemhete (1954), JRR Tolkien
Masikati akanaka. Semudzidzi wezvechitendero uye wechinomwe mudzidzi weTheology, hapana gakava rinoita serisingakoshi kwandiri, uye kunyangwe zvishoma kana riri redzidziso, asi kana chiri chechokwadi, zvakaoma kwazvo kuziva kuti nderipi bhuku rakanakisa, kunyangwe pasina mubvunzo, kana rakaverengwa inonzwisiswa neakanakisa, iBhaibheri uye nguva.
Hapana imwe chaiyo
Ndinokutumira hug
MWARI VAKUKOMBORERE
Kwaziso atte.
Leopoldo Alberto Trcka Sasia
Zvese zvataurwa zvakanakisa uye ini ndaizowedzera "Chiuru neusiku humwe."
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Caramba!
Zvakwana kutaura kuti Don Quixote yakanyorwa naCervantes!
Akangozvitsikisa chete, hapana chimwezve
Iwe uri kutaura chokwadi asi chete muchidimbu, zano rekutanga harisi rake, iro rekutanga raive remuArabhu (zita rake raive quihat, ndine hurombo kana ndisina kunyora zvakanaka) uyo akarasika mugwenga uye yaive nyota (uye kwete mabhuku ) izvo zvakaita kuti arasike musoro uye, saAlonso Quijano, akavhiringidza zvese zvaakaona nezvinhu zvakamurwisa uye zvichingodaro ... Cherekedza kuti iye (Cervantes) haana kumboramba akavanda kuti zano rakanga risiri rake, rakazotevera, unoziva, iyo p… Mari, iyo yavaida kuti zviitike sezvazvakazara. Kunyangwe ndisina kukwanisa kuverenga imwe yacho, ndinogara naDon Quixote, zvinoita kwandiri zvakanyanya ... handizive, zvakasiyana ... ndine hurombo, ndinobva kuAlcala uye zvakafanana ini ' m kwete chinangwa lol. Kwaziso
Mhoro. Ose mabasa makuru akaratidzira matanho makuru uye akato chinja mutauro mune dzimwe nguva ... Musoro webhuku rakanakisa pasi rese? Handifarire manzwiro ainoita. Kune zvakawanda zvisipo zvekuti rondedzero yacho ingave isingaperi. Borges, Hesse, Goette, Joyce, uye zviuru nezviuru ... Kwazisai uye kana Mwari asingakukomborere usazvidya moyo kuti hapana chinoitika.
Zvikamu zveEuclid, Principia mathematica