Kuti uzive nezvenhoroondo yeSpanish yenhoroondo, zvinotanga kudikanwa kujekesa kana iri mhando kana ruzivo rwekufungidzira. Panyaya iyi, hapana kuwirirana; vamwe vadzidzi vanofungidzira nhoroondo yenhau sebazi reruzivo, vamwe vanosarudza kuzvipa kuzvitonga. Zvirokwazvo, dudziro yekubvumirana panguva ino inonongedzera ku "rondedzero refu ine nhoroondo dzekare".
Chero zvazvingava, chinhu chisingarambike ndechekuti iyo yekuSpanish nhoroondo yenhau yakabuda mukati megumi nepfumbamwe century. Maitiro aya kwaive kufunga zvakare kweRomanticism yakarongedzwa mukati mezviitiko zvinovimbika. Nekudaro, iyo novel yakaenda kubva pakuva nekusimudzirwa kwekunzwa kuenda kuvaka kwezvinoitika zviitiko uye / kana mavara, izvo zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvekunyepedzera (izvo zvisingambo shandure iyo yekutanga chiitiko chezviitiko).
Ivo vekutanga veSpanish nhoroondo yenhau
Kunyangwe zvichinetsa kumisikidza kwakatangira chaiko, yekutanga nhoroondo yeSpanish nhoroondo yakanyorwa naRafael Húmara y Salamanca, Ramiro, Kuverenga kwaLucena (1823). Pamusoro peizvi, mumutangiro wayo kudakadza kunyorwa kwekujekesa nezve zvinorehwa neiyo nhoroondo yenhau. Ndokuoneka Mapato eCastile (1830) naRamón López Soler, seimwe yezvikamu zvekupayona.
Kunyangwe aya mabhuku asina kunyatsoputsa nechiratidziro cherudo chenguva iyoyo, ivo vakatangisa nhoroondo yenhoroondo seakadaro. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kutaura nezve mabasa aJosé de Espronceda (1808-1842), Enrique Gil y Carrasco (1815-1846) kana Francisco Navarro Villoslada (1818-1895). Pakupedzisira, Benito Pérez Galdós naPío Baroja vakave vatsigiri vayo vakuru.
Zvikamu zvenyika (1872-1912), naBenito Pérez Galdós
Munyori
Benito Pérez Galdós, aive munyori wechiSpanish, munyori wenhau uye wezvematongerwo enyika, akaberekerwa muLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, musi waMay 10, 1843. Naizvozvo, kubva pakuverenga nguva, iye ndewemunguva yeRomanism. Zvisinei, munyori weCanarian akaputsa zvachose nesangano iri mukutsvaga nyaya chaidzo dzezana regumi nemapfumbamwe century. Naizvozvo, iye akakwanisa kuwedzera musimboti wenhoroondo yokufungidzira.
Zvakare, iye akazivikanwa semunyori wepasirese achitenda kurondedzero yake inoratidzira aine zvepfungwa akasimba mavara (novel muSpain yenguva yake). Uye kana izvo zvisina kukwana, Basa rake rakakura rakamuita mukwikwidzi weNobel Prize yeMabhuku muna 1912, kunze
zvinopfuura kuve nhengo yeRoyal Spanish Academy. Benito Pérez Galdos Akafira muMadrid muna Ndira 4, 1920.
Yese nhoroondo nhoroondo
Zvikamu zvenyika ibhuku rakaumbwa nemanoveli makumi mana nematanhatu akaburitswa muzvikamu zvishanu pakati pa46 na1873. Aya akateedzana anomiririra nhoroondo yenhoroondo yeSpain iyo inopfuura anopfuura makumi manomwe emakore (1805 - 1880). Saizvozvo, inovhara zviitiko zvakaita seSpanish Hondo yeRusununguko kana iyo Bourbon Kudzoreredza.
Saizvozvowo, bheji remunyori rakasanganisa iro rechokwadi rezvakaitika nevanhu vanofungidzirwa kana mamiriro kuitira kuverenga uye kuongorora zviitiko zvekare, kubva panguva ino. Nekudaro, ese magwaro akateedzana ane iyo yepedyo, yepedyo kana inozivikanwa toni iyo Pérez Galdós inopa kune zvinhu zvekukosha kwenyika.
Ndangariro dzemurume arikuita (1913 - 1935), naPío Baroja
Ipfupi nhoroondo yehupenyu yemunyori
Akazvarwa muSpain muna Zvita 28, 1872, Pío Baroja y Nessi aive munyori akasarudzika wechizvarwa che98. Nekudaro, kunyangwe aidzidzira zvekurapa, akazvipira kunyora, kunyanya inoverengeka uye yemitambo. Muchokwadi, akave chiratidzo cheichi genre munguva yake.
Kune rimwe divi, munyori akakudziridza chokwadi muzvinyorwa zvake zvakanyorwa, zvakanyatsozivikanwa nehunhu hwake uye maonero asina tariro ehupenyu. Zvakaenzana, mumanoveli ake kunonzwisisika kusagadzikana uye hunhu hunhu nesosaiti pamwe neanticlerical uye - dzimwe nguva - anarchic yezvematongerwo enyika yakakombama. Pío Baroja akafa muMadrid muna 1956.
Iyo nhoroondo yenhoroondo mumakumi maviri nemaviri mavhoriyamu
Con Ndangariro dzemurume arikuita, Pío Baroja akaburitsa seti yenhoroondo makumi maviri nembiri yenhoroondo pakati pa22 na1913. Eugenio de Aviraneta, anorangarirwa zvakanaka akasununguka wezvematongerwo enyika weSpain, anowanikwa seyepakati munhu uye protagonist, kumukira uye, uyezve, tateguru wemunyori.
Izvo zvakavanzika uye zvakavanzika
Baroja akatora hunhu chaihwo uye hwakakosha munhoroondo yezvematongerwo enyika yeSpain, kuti ataure zvine chekuita nezvehupenyu hwake. Nechinangwa ichi, akashandisa mamiriro ehondo yekuzvimiririra yeSpanish kugadzira seti yenyaya dzine zvivaraidzo nezvikamu zvakavanzika.
Nenzira yekuti muverengi anogona kuwana inonakidza uye isinganzwisisike biography yeAviraneta yakaiswa pakati pezviitiko zvezvakaitika neuralgic kurudzi. Pakati peavo: kurwa pakati pevechokwadi uye vakasununguka, kupinda kweFrance kweMazana ezviuru zveVanakomana veSan Luis kusvika Hondo Yekutanga Yekunyora.
Varwi veSaramisi (2001), naJavier Cercas
Munyori
Javier Cercas akaberekerwa muIbahernando, Cáceres, Spain, muna 1962. Iye munyori, munyori uye mupurofesa wezve philology uyo akazvipira zvakanyanya kunyanya kurudzi rwemhando. Kunyangwe akakurira mumhuri yevaFalangist (vateveri vebato iri refascist ideology), akazvibvisa pachinzvimbo ichi achiri mudiki.
Muna 1987, munyori wechiSpanish akaburitsa bhuku rake rekutanga (Nharembozha); zvimwe, aifanira kumirira kusvika 2001 na Varwi veSaramisi kuti azvitsaurire semunyori. Mune ino zvinyorwa, Cercas anofumura yake chaiyo yechipupuriro novelistic dhizaini inoratidzwa neimwe pfungwa yekusaonekwa kwemiganhu pakati penhoroondo uye fungidziro.
Kana nhoroondo yenhau ikava best seller
Apo Javier Cercas akaburitsa yake yechina bhuku muna 2001 Varwi veSaramisi, Ini handina kuziva kuti yaizotengesa anopfuura mamirioni emakopi. Kunyange, Iyi nhoroondo yenhoroondo yakaverengerwa nevatsoropodzi se "yakakosha".
Kukura kwayo kunopa nzira yepedyo kwazvo yemunyori uye muvambi webato rezvematongerwo enyika reSpain Falange, Rafael Sánchez Maza.
Maumbirwo enhoroondo
Naizvozvo iko kuverenga kune kukwezva kwekuburitsa pachena hupenyu hunoda kuziva hwemunhu uyu mu kusanganiswa nezviitiko zvekare zvinotsanangurwa. Nechinangwa ichi, Cercas akapatsanura mutumbi wenyaya yacho muzvikamu zvitatu: mune yekutanga, "Los amigos del bosque", munyori akafuridzirwa kunyora nyaya yake. Muchikamu chechipiri, "Varwi veSalamina", musimboti wezviitiko unoburitswa.
Chekupedzisira, mu "Kugadzwa muStockton", munyori anotsanangura kusahadzika kwake nezve kuburitswa. A) Hongu, kumashure kwerondedzero ndiko kuvhara kwehondo yevagari veSpain, apo Sánchez Maza anopukunyuka kubva pakupfurwa. Gare gare, anobatwa nemusoja anorega hupenyu hwake uye anoita kuti Cercas aongorore nyaya iyi. Asi zviitiko zvacho hazvina kujekeswa zvizere mubhuku.
Mamwe akatanhamara enhoroondo enhoroondo echiSpanish
- Hondo yevatambi (1908), rakanyorwa naRamón del Valle-Inclán
- Moyo wegreenstone (1942), naSalvador de Madariaga
- Ini, Mambo (1985), naJuan Antonio Vallejo-Nájera
- Mumvuri wegondo (1993), Arturo Perez-Reverte