Federico Garcia Lorca.
Mutsara wenziyo ndiko kutaura kwakanyorwa kwemanzwiro. Izwi rakafara, dzimwe nguva rakaoma kutsanangura maererano nemaonero anoshandiswa pakutara. Pasina mubvunzo, kukosha kwayo kunokosha. Nemhaka yokuti rave richishandiswa nevanyori venguva dzose kuratidza kunyika manzwiro akadzama, manzwiro uye maonero pamusoro penyaya dzisingaverengeki.
Saizvozvowo, zvidimbu zvemitambo zvakanyorwa mune zvese mitauro yekuMadokero. Kazhinji, iyerwiyo rwakakamurwa muzvikamu zvinoverengeka, zvakaiswa muzvikamu zviviri. Sezvazviri, makuru marudzi: rwiyo, rwiyo, ode, elegy, eclogue, uye satire; uye madiki madiki: madrigal uye letrilla.
Mabviro
Izwi iri nderimwe remhando dzekutanga dzezvinyorwa zvepasirese. Pamberi pemadhirama uye nhoroondo. Zvisinei, kuoneka kweshoko iro parizvino rinoripa zvinoreva kwaisazotanga kushandiswa kusvika muzana ramakore regumi nesere Pasati pataurwa nezve nhetembo uye zvakasiyana zvakasiyana.
Inotora zita rayo kubva pambira. Nekuti kubva kuGirisi rekare uye kusvika pakaparara Humambo hweRoma, mabasa enhetembo aive nziyo dzakabatana zvakanyanya nechiridzwa ichi. Iwo mavhesi - paive zvakare nenzvimbo yeprose, asi izvi zvaive zvisiri izvo zvakajairwa - zvaida kuitirwa kana kudzokororwa.
Evhangeri uye kusimudzira lyric
Rwiyo uye nhetembo zvishoma nezvishoma zvakaparadzanisa nzira dzavo. In consecuense, chirevo chakasimukira kure nekuomarara kunoitwa nemahodhi uye mutinhimira wemakonzonendi. Uye zvakare, minstrel troubadours yakapihwa rusununguko rwakawanda rwekushandura mhando.
Neshanduko yakaitika nekusvika kweiyo Renaissance, kutyora kwakave pachena. Muchokwadi, iyi nguva inomiririra shanduko. Kubva ipapo, pfungwa mbiri dzakazvimirira dzakabatwa, kunyangwe zvadzo dzakabatana zvine mutsindo: nhetembo nenziyo nenziyo.
Mune fungidziro yeboka
Kune yakakosha chikamu chevanhu, kutaura nezve lyrical nhasi kuneganhurwa chete kune pfungwa yekuimba nenziyo. Saizvozvo, kupokana (uye kwete nguva dzose chaizvo) kupatsanurwa kunoitwa pakati pe "tenors uye sopranos". Kureva, panguva ino vese avo "vanoimba rwiyo" vari mumapoka. Zvisinei nekuti rejista rezwi rakasiyana neevambotaurwa uye vanozivikanwa mimhanzi.
Runyorwa
Sechirevo, lyricism iri kunyange gare gare; yaro yepamutemo "kutanga" yakanyorwa mugore ra1829. Yakaonekwa mutsamba yakabva kuna Alfred Victor de Vigny, nyanduri ane mukurumbira wechiFrance, munyori wemitambo, uye munyori wenhau. Mukufunga kwake, "kurira kwepamusoro" kwakatemerwa kuti kuve kwakaenzana nedambudziko remazuva ano.
Hunhu hwese
Tichifunga hupamhi hwepfungwa, kumisikidza hunhu hwese hwerwiyo kunogona kutaridzwa sechiito chekumanikidza. Nekudaro, zvinokwanisika kuumba seti yezvakajairika maficha. Kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti vazhinji vavo vanopindura zvakanyanya kune "echinyakare" mazano.
Kuzviisa pasi kwese
Joseph weEspronceda.
Kana kutarisisa kwagara kuri kwekufungidzira - kunyangwe utopian mukati meimwe zvinyorwa zvemhando - murwiyo rwakagovaniswa zvachose. Munyori ane basa uye kodzero yekuburitsa pachena manzwiro ake uye manzwiro nezve zvimwe zviitiko kana zvinokurudzira.
Hapana furemu
Hongu pane mavara; kune protagonist (iyo "lyrical chinhu"); zvimwe zvinhu zvinotsanangurwa. Asi murwiyo mumiriri we "zano" hauna huchokwadi, izvo zvakakosha pakurondedzera uye mumutambo. Kunyangwe mune dzimwe rondedzero imwe "rondedzero" yebudiriro kuvandudzwa inogona kushandiswa - nenzira yakasununguka zvachose, nevanyori nevaverengi.
Panguva ino, kumwe kupesana kunoratidzwa kana muchiongorora nhetembo dzakasiyana nenziyo dzekuimba. Chikonzero? Zvakanaka, opera (iyo subgenre par kugona kana uchitaura nezve "mimhanzi lyric") inoda "inoshamisa kuvaka". Nekudaro, iwe haugone kukanda mapfumo pa "classic".
Kune vadetembi, shoma nguva
Kunze kwekusiiwa, nhetembo dzenhetembo ibhuku pfupi, rine mitsetse mishoma Kana iri yakakura kwazvo, inogumira kumashizha mashoma. Aya mamiriro pamwe anokonzerwa nekwakatangira, nekuti avo vaiimba nekuverenga vaifanira kudzidza nhetembo nemoyo. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuchinja kunyange nekuuya kwemuchina wekudhinda.
Kunatsiridza mutauro
Runako kwagara kuri kukosha kwakakosha kune vadetembi. Naizvozvo, iyesarudzo yemashoko haisi yake chete nekuda kwekutsvaga rwiyo. Iko kune zvakare kufarira kufambisa manzwiro kuburikidza nemifananidzo, iyo inogadziriswa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemifananidzo senge madimikira.
Zvisinei, kudzamara Middle Ages uku kunatsiridzwa kwemitauro kwaisagona kuiswa pamusoro pehunhu uye mutinhimira. Mutinhimira, kunze kwenziyo, ndiwo aive maturusi ekutanga kuti uwane mimhanzi yaidiwa kwazvo. Hunhu uhwu hwaenderera mberi kusvika pamazhinji enziyo dzerwiyo zvino.
Chirevo chega
Mune rwiyo, iyo kuzviisa pasi kwekutaura kwezvido zvemunyori. Nechinangwa ichi, lMazhinji acho akanyorwa semunhu wekutanga. Kunyangwe vamwe vanyori vachitendeukira kumunhu wechitatu, zvinongova sechinhu chedetembo. Naizvozvo, hazvireve kuti chero nguva kuregererwa kwemaonero emunhu.
Hunhu hwekufungidzira
Hunhu hwerwiyo chinhu chakakosha pakuvaka izvi zvidimbu zvehunyanzvi. Pamwe, inopfupikisa mamiriro emunyori kana akatarisana nezvaakasika uye, kunyanya, chinhu chine rwiyo. Chaizvoizvo unogona kuzviita munzira mbiri dzinopokana uye dzakasarudzika: netariro kana kusava netariro. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo lyrical mafungiro akaiswa muzvikamu zvitatu:
Chirevo chekuzivisa
Mutauri wenziyo (munyori) anopa nhoroondo yezvakaitika zvezviitiko zvinoitika kana zvakaitika kuchinhu chine ruzha kana iye pachake. Zviripachena kana pakati pemitsara, murondedzeri anoedza kuratidza zviitiko zvakaringana.
Maitiro ekukwirira
Iyo inozivikanwawo seapostrophic mafungiro. Mune ino kesi, nyanduri anobvunza mumwe munhu angave ari mufananidzo anomiririrwa nechinhu chine rwiyo kana nemuverengi. Chinangwa ndechekumisikidza nhaurirano, zvisinei kuti mhinduro dzinogadzirwa here kana kwete.
Anotsanangura mafungiro
Pasina mafirita, munyori anovhurira nyika nenzira yakatendeseka; mutauri anoratidza uye kutaurirana naye, achipa maonero ake uye mhedziso. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinoreva kubatana kwakazara pakati pemutauri nechinhu chine rwiyo.
Mienzaniso yenziyo
"Sonnet XVII", Garcilaso de la Vega
Kufunga kuti mugwagwa wainge wakananga
Ndakauya kuzomira munyatwa yakadaro,
Handikwanise kufungidzira, kunyangwe nekupenga,
chimwe chinhu chingagutswa chinguva.
Iyo yakafara munda inoita kunge yakamanikana kwandiri,
husiku hwakajeka kwandiri hwasviba;
kambani inotapira, inovava uye yakaoma,
nenzvimbo yakaoma yehondo pamubhedha.
Zvekurota, kana paine chero, icho chikamu
chete, icho chimiro cherufu,
zvinokodzera mweya wakaneta.
Zvisinei, ini ndakanaka neunyanzvi zvakadaro,
kuti ndinotonga neawa rakasimba zvishoma,
kunyange maari ndakazviona ini, iye apfuura.
"Rwendo rwekupedzisira", Juan Ramón Jiménez
Juan Ramon Jimenez.
Uye ndichaenda. Uye shiri dzichagara, dzichiimba;
uye bindu rangu richasara nemuti waro wakasvibira,
uye netsime rayo jena.
Masikati ega ega denga rinenge riine bhuruu uye rakagadzikana;
uye vachatamba, sezvavari kutamba masikati ano,
mabhero ebheriferi.
Avo vaindida vachafa;
guta richava idzva gore rimwe nerimwe;
uye pakona yeiyo yangu yemaruva uye yakacheneswa gadheni,
mweya wangu uchadzungaira.
Uye ndichaenda; Uye ndichave ndega, ndisina pekugara, ndisina miti
girini, isina chena tsime,
pasina bhuruu uye denga rakadzika ...
Uye shiri dzichagara, dzichiimba.
"Octava chaiye", José de Espronceda
Mureza unoona izvo muCeriñola
iyo huru Gonzalo yakaratidzirwa mukukunda,
wechiSpanish anokudzwa uye anoyevedza anodzidzisa
iyo yaidzora Indian uye Atlantean gungwa;
regal banner iyo inoputika mumhepo,
Chipo chaCRISTINA, anodzidzisa zvine hungwaru,
tinogona kumuona muhondo yepedyo
yakabvarurwa hongu, asi haina kumbokundwa.
"Pakubuda mutirongo", Fray Luis de León
Pano shanje nemanyepo
vakanga vandivharira.
Yakakomborerwa iyo inozvininipisa mamiriro
yemurume akachenjera anotora mari
wenyika ino yakaipa,
uye netafura isina kunaka neimba,
mumunda unofadza
naMwari oga tsitsi,
hupenyu hwake hunopfuura wega,
haana kuita shanje kana godo.
Chidimbu che "Ropa Rakateurwa", Federico García Lorca
Ini handidi kuzviona!
Udza mwedzi kuti uuye
Handidi kuona ropa
yeIgnacio pajecha.
Ini handidi kuzviona!
Mwedzi wakafara.
Bhiza remakore akanyarara,
uye grey square yehope
nemikonachando pazvipingaidzo. (…)