Makumi matatu nerimwe nhamba yevanyori vakanyora neChirungu uye vakapihwa mubairo weNobel weLiterature. kubvira payakatangwa kuSweden muna 1901. Wekutanga aive Rudyard Kipling muna 1907 uye wekupedzisira Abdulrazak Gurnah muna 2021, wekuTanzania, ane basa raakaita muChirungu.
Sezvinoitikawo nevanyori vakanyora muchiSpanish, uye nemimwe mitauro nezvinyorwa zvakapihwa, vanyori veAnglo-Saxon vakakunda vanomira pachena. hukuru hwebasa rake, nekuda kwemhando yaro, kusimba uye kusimba, kugadzira basa remavara muhupenyu hwese.. Ava ndivo avo nebasa ravo vakabatsira mukusimudzira nzanga.
Rondedzero yevanyori vekuAmerica
Sinclair Lewis - 1930
Munyori wekutanga weAmerica kuhwina Mubairo weNobel muMabhuku, mabhuku ake echokwadi anotsoropodza mabhunu enguva iyoyo. Izvozvo hazvigoni kuitika pano (Hazvigone kuitika Apa) is a dystopian satire pamusoro pekusikwa kwehurumende yefascist muU.SA neNazi overtones muna 1935; kunyange zvichida Babbitt rive basa rake rinokosha. Vakaratidzawo mabasa ake emitambo uye ezvenhau. Akafira muRoma muna 1951.
Nekuda kwake kwakasimba uye kwakajeka hunyanzvi hwekutsanangura uye kugona kwake kugadzira, nehungwaru uye kuseka, mhando nyowani dzevatambi.
Eugene O'Neill - muna 1936
Hapana asingasviki mana akawana Pulitzer Mubayiro uyu munyori wemitambo weNew York ane mukurumbira akanyora mabhuku azere nehuchokwadi hunoshamisa. Ivo vanozivikanwa nekushinga kutaura chikamu chisingaongi chehupenyu, mavara avo ari vapukunyuki uye kusawirirana munharaunda. Basa rake rinonyanya kuzivikanwa pamwe Shuwa pasi pema elms (Chido pasi peElms), dudziro yakagadziridzwa yenhamo yechinyakare.
Kune simba, kutendeseka uye manzwiro akadzika anonzwisiswa mumabasa ake anoshamisa, ayo anomiririra pfungwa yepakutanga yenjodzi.
Pearl S. Buck - 1938
Aive mukadzi wekutanga wekuAmerica uye munyori wekutanga wemutauro weChirungu kugamuchira mubairo uyu.. Iye anozivikanwa zvakare nezita reChinese rekuti Sai Zhen, sezvaakapedza chikamu chekutanga chehupenyu hwake muChina. Akarima kunyanya novel uye biographical genre. Akakunda Pulitzer muna 1932 uye bhuku rake rakakurumbira raiva Nyika yakanaka. Akanga ariwo murwiri wekodzero dzevanhukadzi uye kodzero dzevanhu, uye mudziviriri wetsika dzeAsia.
Nekutsanangurwa kwake kwakapfuma uye kwechokwadi kwehupenyu hwemurombo muChina uye nehunyanzvi hwake hwehupenyu.
William Faulkner - 1949
Aive munyori wenoveli uye wenyaya akagamuchira iyo Pulitzer Mubairo weFiction. Basa rake rinongoenderana nemazuva ano uye mabhuku ekuedza. Anoonekwa sechiratidzo chemavara eAnglo-Saxon uye pesvedzero yake inotenderera muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, ichisvika kuvanyori veSpanish vakaita saGarcía Márquez naVagas Llosa. Rimwe remabasa ake makuru ibhuku Ruzha nehasha.
Nekuda kwake kune simba uye nehunyanzvi rakasarudzika mupiro kune yazvino American novel.
Ernest Hemingway-1954
Munyori ane basa rakawanda rekunyora munhoroondo yenganonyorwa uye utori venhau. akagamuchirawo Pulitzer Mubayiro. Kuda kwake Spain netsika dzayo kunomira pachena, achishanda semutori wenhau panguva yehondo yevagari. Hupenyu hwake hwaive huzere nezviitiko apo akaona zvimwe zvezviitiko zvakakosha zvenhoroondo yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Mamwe emabasa ake anozivikanwa zvikuru ndeaya Chembere negungwa, Sarai pfuti y Kune avo Bhero Rinobhadhara. Akazviuraya pazera remakore 61.
Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hwehunyanzvi hwekurondedzera, huchangobva kuratidzwa mu Chembere negungwa, uye nokuda kwepesvedzero yayakaita pamaitiro emazuva ano.
John Steinbeck-1962
Aive munyori wemanovhero emhando yepamusoro akafuridzira mafirimu mazhinji. Pamusoro pekuve munyori wemabhuku, aive zvakare munyori wenyaya pfupi uye mugadziri wefirimu, achidomwa kune akati wandei. Oscar. Akakunda zvakare Pulitzer Mubayiro. Mamwe emabasa ake akatanhamara ndeaya Zve mbeva nevarume, Mazambiringa eHasha y Kumabvazuva kweEdheni.
Nekuda kwekunyora kwake kwechokwadi uye kwekufungidzira, kwakasanganiswa nenzira yekusanganisa kusekesa kunofadza pamwe nekufarira magariro ekuona.
Sauro Bellow - 1976
Akazvarwa muCanada, akatamira kuUnited States achiri mwana. Kufanana nevamwe vanyori vakawanda, munyori uyu wechiJudha-Russian mavambo akanga akawanda. Pamusoro pekunyora, aive purofesa weyunivhesiti uye akazvipira kune inovhero. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye The Adventures yaAugie Kurume, nyaya yepicaresque panguva yeGreat Depression umo zviitiko zvehupenyu uye kukura kwemunhu mukuru, Augie March, anorondedzerwa.
Nokuda kwekunzwisisa kwevanhu uye nekuongorora kwakajeka kwetsika yemazuva ano inosanganiswa mubasa rake.
Tony Morrison - 1993
Aive wekutanga nhema mupepeti wekunyora Penguin Random House ndokutora Pulitzer Mubayiro. Akanga ari murwiri anoshingaira wekodzero dzevanhu veAfrica-America. Iri rinenge riri dingindira rinodzokororwa mumanovhero nezvinyorwa zvake. Beloved nderimwe remanovhero ake ane mukurumbira umo anobata nenhau yeuranda muUnited States.
Ndiani mumanovhero anoratidzirwa nesimba rekuona uye pfungwa yenhetembo, anopa hupenyu kune chakakosha chikamu chechokwadi cheAmerica.
Bob Dylan-2016
Apo Bob Dylan akaba Mubairo weNobel muMabhuku Akagamuchira kushoropodzwa kubva kwaari uye neSweden Academy, uye vazhinji vakatarisira kuti muimbi arambe mubairo. Zvakadaro, Dylan ane basa rakazvipira mukuumbwa kwenhetembo, uye sangano rakakoshesa basa rake remimhanzi apo rakasarudza kumupa mubairo.. Pamusoro pezvo, anoonekwa semumwe wevanhu vane mukurumbira muindasitiri yemimhanzi yemazuva ano, uye ane basa rakakura mundima iyi.
Nekuda kwekugadzira chirevo chitsva chedetembo mukati metsika huru yekuAmerica yekuimba.
Louise Gluck - 2020
Mudetembi wekuAmerica ane basa rake rakazivikanwawo ne Pulitzer Mubairo weNhetembo. Mamwe emabhuku ake enhetembo akakosha ndeaya Hero o Wild Iris, rakashandurwa muchiSpanish se mhuka yemusango. Pamwe chete akanyora miunganidzwa gumi neimwe yenhetembo. Zvakadaro, pakati pebasa rake tinowana rondedzero uyewo rondedzero dzenhetembo.
Nekuda kwezwi rake renhetembo risingakanganisi iro nerunako rwakadzama rinoita kuti kuvepo kwemunhu kune pasi rose.
Rondedzero yevanyori veBritish
Rudyard Kipling - 1907
Munyori we Bhuku resango akaberekerwa muBombay, muBritish Raj muna 1865. Akanga ari wekutanga kugamuchira mumutauro weChirungu we Mubairo weNobel muMabhuku (1907). Akanyora nhetembo, nyaya nemanovhero; kufarira zvikuru nyaya dzevana uye mumashure anopengenuka, akadai Kim, chinyorwa chepicaresque uye cheespionage. Nhengo ye Royal Society of Literature yeGreat Britain, yakaramba, zvisinei, kudomwa zita changamire uye Knight of the Order of the British Empire. Akafira muLondon muna 1936.
Tichitarisa masimba ake ekuona, mavambo efungidziro, huviri hwepfungwa uye tarenda rinoshamisa rekutaura ngano rinoratidza kusikwa kwemunyori ane mukurumbira pasi rose.
John Galsworthy - 1932
John Galsworthy aiva munyori wemabhuku uye munyori wemitambo. Yarambwa musoro wacho changamire uye akanga ari mutungamiri wekutanga wechikwata chekunyora mabhuku pen international. Basa rake rinomiririra zvakanyanya inhevedzano yemanovhero Iyo Forsyte Saga (1906-1921) nezvehupenyu hwepamusoro-yepakati-kirasi mhuri yechirungu. handina kukwanisa kubata Mubairo weNobel muMabhuku nokuti akanga achirwara; akafa mavhiki gare gare muna 1933.
Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hwekutaura nyaya hunotora chimiro chayo chepamusoro mukati Iyo Forsyte Saga.
T. S. Eliot - 1948
TS Eliot akaberekerwa kuUnited States uye muhuduku hwake akatamira kuUnited Kingdom akachinja chizvarwa chake chekuAmerica kuita Briteni. Basa rake rinokosha ndero Gwenga, nhetembo ine mitsetse inoda kusvika 500 yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvishanu. Munyori akazvisimbisa mune hunhu hwebasa rake, semhedzisiro yeNorth America neChirungu pesvedzero. Akarima nhetembo, mitambo yemitambo, zvinyorwa uye nyaya.
Nekuda kwake kwakatanhamara uye kwekutanga kuita nhetembo nhasi.
Bertrand Russell - 1950
Pamusoro pekuve munyori, aivewo nyanzvi yemasvomhu uye muzivi uye aive nhengo yeHouse of Lords yeLabour Party kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi mana kusvika parufu rwake. Basa rake reuzivi nderesangano rekuongorora, saka aigara achitsvaga chikonzero kuburikidza nekufunga nesainzi.. Aive asingatendi kuti kuna Mwari uye rimwe remabhuku ake anonyanyozivikanwa irondedzero yake Nezve denotation. Basa rake rakapesvedzera vafungi vezana ramakore reXNUMX nenzira inotenderera.
Mukurangarira manyoro ake akasiyana-siyana uye anokosha umo anodzivirira mirangariro yorupo norusununguko rwokufunga.
Winston Churchill-1953
Vezvematongerwo enyika nevechiuto avo basa ravo raive rakakosha panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri nemakore aitevera. Pasina mubvunzo mumwe wevanhu vane pesvedzero zvikuru vezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Aive Prime Minister weUnited Kingdom uye mutungamiri weBritish Conservative Party. His magnum opus semunyori uye iyo yaakawana mukurumbira wepamusoro wekunyora yaive Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri, bhuku renhau rine mavhoriyamu matanhatu rinofukidza makore okupedzisira eHondo Yenyika I kusvika muna 1945.
Nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hwekutsanangura nhoroondo dzehupenyu nenhoroondo pamwe nekutaura kwake kwakanaka mukudzivirira tsika dzakakwirira dzevanhu.
Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.
William Golding - 1983
Munyori weBritish uye mudetembi, hunyanzvi hwake ibhuku rine mukurumbira Ishe weNhunzi. Ibhuku revechidiki rine boka revana uye vechidiki sevaratidziri; chinyorwa chinokoka kudzidza nekubvunza, pamwe nekuda kweichi chikonzero ibasa rakakosha muzvikoro muEngland. Dingindira guru nderemamiriro emunhu uye hutsinye uye hunhu hwayo.
Kumanovhero ake ayo, nenzwisiso yeunyanzvi hwerondedzero hwechokwadi uye kusiyana nekusiyana-siyana kwengano, anovhenekera mamiriro evanhu munyika yanhasi.
VS Naipaul - 2001
VS Naipaul aive munyori weBritish-Trinidadian. Akazvarwa muTrinidad neTobago. Minda yake yaive bhuku, rondedzero uye utori venhau. vaiva ve Royal Society of Literature uye mabasa ake anozivikanwa zvikuru ndeaya Imba yaVaBiswas y Kukotama murwizi. Mubasa rake anotarisa pamusoro pekolonialism uye kutonga kwetsika kwakatambura nevagari vemo mukutarisana nechisimba chekunze.
Nekuda kwekubatanidza rondedzero yekuziva uye kutonga kusingaori mumabasa anotimanikidza kuona kuvepo kwenyaya dzakatsikirirwa.
Harold Pinter - 2005
Harold Pinter aiva munyori wemitambo, mutungamiriri wemitambo, screenwriter, mudetembi, mutambi, uye nhengo ye Royal Society of Literature Kubva kuGreat Britain. Saizvozvowo, yakapihwa iyo Laurence Olivier Mubairo, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa muBritish theatre. Imwe yemitambo yake inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye Imba.
Uyo mumabasa ake anobudisa pachena runyoro pasi pehurukuro yezuva nezuva uye masimba anopinda mumakamuri akavharwa ekudzvinyirira.
Doris Lessing - 2007
Doris Lessing akaberekerwa muIran. Akanyora pasi pezita rekunyora pseudonym Jane Somers. Mukuwedzera, akagamuchira Princess weAsturias Mubairo weMabhuku. Akanyora chinyorwa pasi pejasi rakasiyana rechokwadi uye dystopia. Iyo yegoridhe notibhuku zvichida bhuku rake rinonyanya kukosha uye inosvika madingindira akasiyana uye zvinonetsa, zvakaita sezvechikadzi, zvepabonde, communism muEngland kana hondo.
Murondedzeri mukuru wechiitiko chemukadzi uyo, nekupokana, shungu uye simba rekuona, akaisa budiriro yakakamukana kuti iongororwe.
Kazuo Ishiguro - 2017
Kazuo Ishiguro akaberekerwa muJapan uye akabata nyika yeBritish kubvira 1982.; Anovandudzawo basa rake muChirungu. Iye inhengo ye Royal Society of Literature yeGreat Britain uye yakatsaurirwa kunyora manovhero. Nekudaro, iye zvakare ari screenwriter uye munyori. Zvinyorwa zvake zvinotenderera nesainzi fiction uye dystopian worlds, rimwe remabhuku ake anozivikanwa zvikuru ibhuku rerudzi urwu Usambofa wakandisiya. Zvasara zvezuva iri o Chii chinosara chezuva iri nderimwe bhuku rine mukurumbira uye rakaitwa firimu rakabudirira zvikuru, kunyangwe riine dingindira rakasiyana.
Uyo, mumanovhero ake ane simba mumanzwiro, akawana gomba riri pasi pepfungwa yedu yekunyepedzera yekubatana nenyika.
Rondedzero yevanyori veIrish
William Butler Yeats - 1923
Uyu munyori mudetembi ane mukurumbira wechiIrish uye munyori wemitambo. Zviratidzo zvekuzivikanwa mubasa rake zvinowanikwa mukufananidzira, mysticism uye nyeredzi. Akanga ari nhengo ye Royal Society of Literature yeGreat Britain uye zvakare aive nerudzi rwechirungu. Akanga achiita zvematongerwo enyika apo Ireland yakava nyika yakasununguka. Akafira muFrance muna 1939.
Nekuda kwenhetembo dzake dzagara dzichifemerwa, dzinoratidza mudzimu werudzi rwose nenzira ine unyanzvi.
George Bernard Shaw - 1925
Mutambi ane mukurumbira anofarira kukakavara pazvidzidzo zvakasiyana siyana. Chiremera chake munyika yetsika chinopfuurira kupfuura mitambo yake, yakanyura mukutsvinya; basa ravo richakanganisawo hupenyu hweveruzhinji. vaiva ve Royal Society of Literature uye ndinofanira kutora Oscar kune yakanakisa yakagadziridzwa skrini yeiyo hombe skrini vhezheni ye Pygmalion muna 1938. Akafa muna 1950.
Nezvebasa rake iro rinocherechedzwa nezvose zviri zviviri fungidziro uye hunhu uye yake-inonyandura satire iyo inowanzo unganidzwa nerunako rwedetembo.
Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.
Samuel Beckett - 1969
Samuel Beckett akanyora muFrench neChirungu nhetembo, mitambo, zvinyorwa uye kutsoropodza kwekunyora.. Akanga ari mudzidzi waJames Joyce uye mumwe wevanyori vane simba zvikuru vezana remakore rapfuura. Mabasa ake, anove echimanjemanje uye ekuyedza, zvakare ane hunhu husina tariro kuderera kwemadingindira, minimalism, kana kuseka kwenhema. Basa rake rine mukurumbira nderokuti Kumirira Godot, weimba yemitambo yezvisina musoro, yakanyorwa muchiFrench uye yakashandurirwa muchiChirungu naBeckett pachake. Basa rake zvakare rakachinjika uye rave nehuremu mubhaisikopo, mimhanzi kana psychoanalysis.
Nekuda kwekunyora kwake, iyo - mumhando itsva dzechinyorwa uye dhirama - munhamo yemunhu wemazuva ano inowana kukwirira kwayo.
Seamus Heaney-1995
Mudetembi wekuIrish akazvarwa muUK. Akashandawo semudzidzisi kumayunivhesiti akadai seHarvard neBerkeley. vaiva ve Royal Society of Literature yeGreat Britain, pamwe ne Royal Irish Chikoro. Basa rake renhetembo rinorangarirwa, pamwe chete neraW. Butler Yeats, rimwe reanonyanya kukosha mumutauro weChirungu wezana remakore rechiXNUMX..
Kune mabasa erunako rwenziyo uye kudzika kwetsika, kurumbidza zvishamiso zvemazuva ese uye hupenyu hwekare.
Vamwe vanyori vanotaura Chirungu
Rabindranath Tagore (British Raj) - 1913
Tagore akanyora basa rake muBengali neChirungu. Akazvarwa muBritish Raj muna 1861; munyori wechiBengali. Munyori uyu aive muzivi-detembi ane mativi mazhinji akabatana nechiHindu. Akaitawo dhirama, mimhanzi, nyaya nemanovhero, pendi uye zvinyorwa. Akanzwisisa hunyanzvi senzira yekutaura yakawanda uye akawedzera hunyanzvi hweBengali kubva pakuona uku. Akafira muCalcutta muna 1941.
Nekuda kwevhesi yake yakadzama, nyowani uye yakanaka, iyo, nehunyanzvi hwekupedzisira, akaita pfungwa yake yenhetembo, inoratidzwa mumashoko ake echiRungu, chikamu chezvinyorwa zvekuMadokero.
Patrick White (Australia) - 1973
Akazvarwa kuUK, zvinyorwa zvaPatrick White ndezvengano uye zvinoongorora psychology. Akaita mupiro mukuru kumabhuku emakungwa, nekuti aine mavambo echiRungu, aiziva kukwidziridza mabhii ekondinendi itsva seOceania kumaziso ekuMadokero. Akanyora zvinyorwa, nyaya pfupi nemitambo, kunyanya. Basa rake rinokosha raiva kutarisa kwedutu.
Kune epic uye yepfungwa inorondedzera art yakaunza kondinendi itsva kumabhuku.
Wole Soyinka (Nigeria) - 1986
Wole Soyinka ndiye muAfrica wekutanga kuhwina mukombe Mubayiro weNobel muMabhuku makore anoda kusvika zana mushure mekudhindwa kwayo kwekutanga. Mutauro wavo nezvinyorwa zviri muChirungu zvisinei nekunetsana uku kunokonzera vanyori vakawanda vemuAfrica vanoziva nhoroondo yehukoloni hweAfrica. Soyinka akaiswa mujeri nokuda kwekutsigira runyararo munguva yehondo yevagari vomuNigeria. Iye munyori wemitambo, nhetembo, zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa, pamusoro pekuva nebasa refu semudzidzisi wemabhuku.
Ndiani, mumaonero akafararira etsika uye ane nhetembo nuances, anovandudza dhirama rekuvapo.
Nadine Gordimer (South Africa) - 1991
Uyu mutauri wenyaya wekuSouth Africa aive akazvipira zvikuru kumakakatanwa anokonzerwa ne kurambana munyika yake uye iri richava dingindira rinokosha mubasa rake. Akagadzira novel, novel pfupi uye nyaya pfupi uye aive chikamu che Royal Society of Literature kubva kuEngland. Mamwe emabasa ake ndeaya Kumbundirwa neMusoja o Vanhu veChikunguru, kunyange zvazvo akadhindwa zvishoma muchiSpanish.
Uyo, kuburikidza nekunyora kwake kwakanaka kwazvo kwave kuri-mumashoko aAlfred Nobel- ekubatsira kukuru kuvanhu.
Derek Walcott (Saint Lucia) - 1992
Aive mudetembi uye munyori wemitambo akaberekerwa muSaint Lucia, nyika yeSangano reAmerican States. Mukuwedzera, akanga ariwo nyanzvi yekuona. Saizvozvo, Rimwe remabasa ake ainyanyozivikanwa raive remumhanzi weBroadway, The Capeman, maakatora rutivi nechimiro chikuru chemashoko enziyo dzake.
Nokuda kwebasa renhetembo rekupenya kukuru, rinotsigirwa nechiratidzo chezvakaitika kare, mugumisiro wekuzvipira kwemarudzi akawanda.
JM Coetzee (South Africa) - 2003
South African novelist akabata chizvarwa cheAustralia zvakare. Basa rake rinofukidza nzvimbo dzakawanda mukati mezvinyorwa uye hunyanzvi: inyanzvi yemitauro, muturikiri, purofesa weyunivhesiti, mutsoropodzi uye munyori wezviratidziro, pamwe nemunyori wezvinyorwa. Anokura semudetembi, munyori wenhau uye munyori wezvinyorwa. Iyewo inhengo ye Royal Society ye Literature y basa rake rine mukurumbira nderokuti Hupenyu uye nguva dzaMichael K.
Ndiani muzvipfeko zvisingaverengeki anoratidza kubatanidzwa kunoshamisa kwekunze.
Alice Munro (Canada) - 2013
Uyu munyori weCanada akagadzira nyaya pfupi uye anoonekwa seari padanho reAnton Chekhov. Mufaro wakawandisa Ndiro basa rake guru. Muunganidzwa wenyaya gumi. Munro anosanganisa chokwadi uye ngano uye anokwevera kurudziro yake kubva muzviitiko zvakajairika uye anecdotes, pamwe nezvimwe zvisikwa zvekunyora. Munyori anonyora pasina artifice, ane hunhu hwakakwana uye pasina fanfare.
Mudzidzisi wenyaya pfupi yemazuva ano.
Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania) - 2021
Zvenyika yeBritish neTanzania, munyori wenhau uyu anonyora basa rake muChirungu uye agara muUK kwemakumi emakore akati wandei. Iye zvakare purofesa paYunivhesiti yeKent uye ndewe Royal Society of Literature kubva kuGreat Britain Basa rake rinonyanya kukosha ndere Paraíso, bhuku renhoroondo rinorondedzera kuoma kweupenyu muAfrica kurondedzera huranda hunomanikidzwa mutevedzeri wake, munzvimbo yesango uye isingaongi, uye nguva dzose netsitsi dzevamwe.
Nekuda kwenzwisiso yake yetsitsi uye isingachinji mumhedzisiro yekolonialism uye ramangwana revapoteri mumukaha pakati petsika nemakondinendi.
