Pasi pemusoro we "mabhuku ekare" zvakakamurwa zvese zvinyorwa zvekuzvarwa zvakazvarwa muEurope mukati meMiddle Ages. Iyi inguva yakareba kwazvo, inotangira pakudonha kweWestern Roman Empire muna 476 kusvika pakuuya kwaChristopher Columbus mumatunhu eAmerica muna 1492.
Simba rakakura rakawanikwa neChechi yeKaturike haringoratidzi chete kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi kwenguva ino yenhoroondo, asi nzvimbo dzese dzevanhuwo zvavo. Kutenda neizvi, hunyanzvi hwakagamuchirwa nevafundisi nezvehunhu uye zvinangwa zvekudzidzisa. Nguva dzose neinooneka theocentric chiratidzo mune chero chiitiko.
Kubva muchiLatin kusvika mumitauro yechivanhu
Munguva yeHigh Middle Ages (pakati pezana ramakore rechishanu nerechigumi nerimwe), chiLatin ndiyo waive mutauro wakakurumbira. Saka, zvinyorwa zvenguva ino zvakagadzirwa chete mumutauro uyu. Izvi zvakashandira chimiro kuti uwane huremu chaihwo nekuda kweiyo yakaderera chikamu chevanhu vaiziva kuverenga nekunyora.
Kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX zvichienda mberi, mitauro yemimwe mitauro yakasvika padanho rakaringana rekusimudzira revanyori kuti vanyatsoishandisa. Ipapo, chiLatin chakazodzikiswa kuva kutaurirana kwenyika uye kuti chizoshandiswa nevafundisi nevakuru.
"Kuvira kwezuva" kweLatin
Kunyangwe hazvo hutongi hweLatin hwairatidza chinzvimbo chepamusoro munharaunda panguva iyoyo, yakave yakasarudzika yakazopedzisira yazvishora kusvikira yange isiri kushandiswa. Zvimwechetezvo, mitauro yedunhu rega rega yakapa okisijeni kumafambisirwo enyika aibuda munguva yeazvino zera.
Simba rekereke
Nhasi, Pfungwa yeakasarudzika hunhu hwechitendero uye hunhu hunhu hwakatekeshera. Mabhuku eMiddle Ages. Pasi pemafungiro aya, chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekudzidzisa vanhu, kuseta maitiro uye "mamiriro" acho - kunyanya kuburikidza nekutya - kutsvaga Mwari.
Asi mukati meMiddle Ages zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakanyorwawo nezvazvo. Pamusoro pe, Izvo zvakakosha kuti utarise kuti iyo yekudhinda yekudhinda haina kuoneka kusvika iyo Renaissance, Nekudaro, iwo chete manyoro eakaoma uye / kana ekusahadzika kuchengetedzwa akapona. Pamusoro pezvo, muzviitiko zvakawanda yaive kereke pachayo - pabasa rayo sechivimbiso chetsika yenguva - mukutarisira kuvachengetedza.
Profane zvinyorwa
Mibvunzo yekutanga kune yekusaziva yakamuka mumabhuku eMiddle Ages. Aya mafungiro "echimurenga" akatanga kutsanangurwa achityira (nekuti zvairatidza njodzi huru), zvichibva papfungwa dzenyika dzinopa masimba evanhu masimba ekushandura nyika.
Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Iyo yeVamwari Vemitambo
Iyi shanduko yakaitika kunyanya panguva yekupera kweMiddle Ages (inozivikanwawo seye pre-Renaissance nguva). Makurukota paakatanga kuwana nzvimbo nekuwedzera huwori hwezvikamu zvepamusoro zvechechi zvakaramba zvichiramba.
Iko kusanzwisisika kwemufananidzo wemunyori
Mazhinji magwaro epakati nepakati haazivikanwe, zvinokodzera - muchidimbu - kune izvo zvekuti fungidziro yazvino yemufananidzo wemunyori haina kubuda kusvika Renaissance. Mupfungwa iyi, vazhinji vevanyori venguva yepakati vaive vakazvipira zvakanyanya kunyora uye kushongedza nyaya kubva mutsika yemuromo, panzvimbo pebasa rekugadzira uye rekufungidzira.
"Zvirinani kusaina"
Kune imwe nhanho, kusazivikanwa yakava nzira inoshanda yekutiza ziso rinobvunza.. Nechikonzero ichi, imwe yedzakakurumbira "subgenres" yaive Goliath Nhetembo, yaive mhando yechimiro chine rwiyo chakavakirwa mumitsara mina-mitsetse.
Chinhu "chakapfava" cheGoliath Nhetembo chaive chinyorwa chayo, chaishandiswa nevamwe vafundisi kuratidza kusawirirana kwavo nedzimwe nyaya dzakaomarara. Saka, kusazivikanwa kwaive kiyi yekusatora njodzi dzekuziviswa vatengesi kana vanyengeri.
Mabhuku ekuverenga
Zvakakosha kufunga nezve zvinotevera: angangoita ese magwaro akabviswa mutsika dzemuromo nekuti chikamu chakakwira kwazvo chevanhu chaive chisina kuverenga. Nechikonzero ichi, "kudzidzisa" zvaive zvakafanira kuverenga zvinonzwika zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa (zvinyorwa zvekare), zvinonyanya kugadzirwa nendima.
Iyo poindi yekubva kwakawanda enziyo materu
Ndima idzi dzinobvumira kudzokorora, izvo zvinopa kuverenga kuve mutinhimira uye chisingawanikwe chinangwa nekuita. Nekuda kweizvozvo, akasiyana matyimbo akaonekwa, senge rwiyo, ode kana sonnets. Mune izvi, zviito zvevarwi vanokudzwa nevadziviriri vaMwari vakazvimisikidza pazvikara zvinotyisa zvadhiyabhorosi, vakatora fungidziro yevakawanda yevanhu.
Pamusoro pe, Nyaya dze "rudo rwecourtic" uye idzo dzinoreva kushuvira kusingadzokwi dzaive nenzvimbo yadzo.. Kuve rudzi rwechirongwa chakanyanyo shandiswa neboka revatambi vakasangana nezera ravo regoridhe mukati meMiddle Ages: iyo troubadours.
Kugadziriswa kweiyo status quo
"Nhoroondo yakanyorwa nevanokunda" chirevo chakaringana kutsanangura mweya weMiddle Ages. Beyond ichi musimboti, chechi - nerutsigiro rwemadzimambo, zvinoenderana nehunhu hwedzimwe nzvimbo - yakashandisa zvinyorwa kupembedza kutonga kwayo.
Panyaya iyi, Maviri asingazivikanwe magwaro akanyorwa ecclesiastics anomira pachena: Gwaro remabhishopi rakanyorwa naGerardo de Cambrai uye Carmen Robertum reem francorum yeAdalberón deLaon. Ose ari maviri anoratidza zvakajeka chimiro chemagariro enguva yacho: oratores (avo vanonamata), bellatores (avo vanotambura) uye laboratores (avo vanoshanda).
Feudal nzanga ...
Pfungwa yakaratidzwa mundima yapfuura inogadzira kupatsanurwa kuita makosi enharaunda, ichishanda (zvirinani) kusvika Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga. Izvozvowo zvakaitika nehutongi, hupfumi hwakabuda muEurope mushure mekuparadzwa kwehushe hweRoma. Izvo zvakatumirwa kuAmerica apo kukoloniwa kweNyika Idzva kwakapedzwa.
… Uye misogynist
Saizvozvowo, vakadzi vaive vatotambura nehuremu hwekudzvinyirirwa panguva ino. Nekudaro, senguva yenhoroondo yaive yekuenderera zvakanyanya kupfuura kugadzirisa. Zvakanaka, pfungwa iyi yerusarura yakange yakadhonzerwa mberi kubvira Antiquity uye yaionekwa muMiddle Ages.
Vakadzi vashoma kwazvo vakakwanisa kutyora chifukidziro chekusazivikanwa. Vanenge vese vaive "vakadzi vaMwari", masista avo, kuburikidza netsamba dzavo, vakaita kuti zaruriro dzavo dzamwari dzizivikanwe nenyika. Kubva ipapo, vamwe vakabvumidzwa kuwana chinzvimbo chevasande mushure mekufa kwavo.
Anoshamisa mabasa uye vanyori
Middle Ages akaona kuberekwa kweanoverengeka emabasa emifananidzo munhoroondo yevanhu. Zvakawanda zvinoda zvakasarudzika zvinyorwa kuti zviongororwe nenzira yavo chaiyo. Mimwe yacho ndeiyi: Rwiyo rweMio Cid, Beowulf, Digenis Acitas y Rwiyo rwaRoldán, pakati pevamwe vazhinji.
Kunyangwe paine kusazivikanwa kuri kuitika, yakanga iriwo nguva yevanyori vakuru. Kutanga na Dante Alighieri y Iyo yeVamwari Vemitambo kana Giovanni Boccacio na Decameron. Semumiriri wechikadzi zvakakosha kuratidza Christine de Pizan, munyori we Guta reMadzimai. Sekureva kwenhamba yakanaka yevanyori venhoroondo, ndiro rakakosha bhuku mukurwira kuenzana kwevakadzi.