Jose Ortega naGasset

José Ortega y Gasset ndomumwe wevazivi vepamusoro-soro kubvira mazuva ano. Pamusoro pe, inoonekwa seimwe yeanonyanya kutaura mazwi echiSpanish ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye pamwe "anofunga" akakosha munhoroondo yeSpain. Kune ayo postulates anogara ari kwese kwese kune imwe nhanho mukati memitsara yekufunga kwemazana gumi nemapfumbamwe mazana.

Imwe yeakanyanya kuzivikanwa mvumo yebasa rake yaive yekuunza kuverenga kwouzivi padyo ne "vanhuwo zvavo". Kure nemafomu akabatanidzwa, zvinyorwa zvake zvine ruzivo rwekunyora runotendera chero muverengi kuti apinde asina dambudziko mukati mepfungwa. Neichi chikonzero, iwo masitayera akaenzaniswa nevazhinji vadzidzi pamwe neyakaenzana pakati pekunaka uye kureruka kunowanikwa naMiguel de Cervantes.

Biography

José Ortega y Gasset akaberekerwa muMadrid musi waMay 9, 1883, mumhuri ine tsika uye ine hupfumi. Chikamu chakanaka chehucheche hwake chakashandiswa muMalaga, Andalusia. PaCosta del Sol aipinda chikoro chepuraimari nesekondari. Gare gare, iyo University yeDeusto, muBilbao, pamwe neCentral University yeMadrid, vakave dzimba dzavo dzekufunda.

José mudiki aive mudzidzi ane hunhu kwazvo, kusvika padanho rekuti Pazera remakore makumi maviri nemana chete, akange atogamuchira Ph.D. muFilosofi. Yako PhD chirevo, Zvinotyisa zvegore chiuru, kwaive kutsoropodzwa kwengano yakatsanangurwa nenzira yepamusoro kwazvo. Saizvozvo, vadzidzi veOrtega vanowanzo taura basa iri sekutanga pamabasa ake.

Nguva dzose yakabatana nehupfumi

Mukutaura kwakawanda, mhuri yaJosé Ortega y Gasset yagara yakabatana zvine simba nebasa rezvekunyora uye zvematongerwo enyika. Yaive "nhaka" yakatanga nasekuru vake baba, Eduardo Gasset naArtime, muvambi wepepanhau Kusasarura. Gare gare, svikiro iri raitungamirirwa nababa vake, José Ortega Munilla. Nhoroondo yepepanhau iri haisi diki mukati mezvenhau dzeSpanish.

Pachena akasununguka, Kusasarura Yaive imwe yemakambani epachivande ekutanga kupinda mu "bhizinesi reruzivo." Ichi chaive chitsva mukati memunda chakambotungamirwa nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika. Zvakaenzana, "tsika yemhuri" yakaenderera nemumwe wevanakomana vaOrtega y Gasset, José Ortega Spottoro, muvambi we Nyika.

Hupenyu hwekudzidza

Pakati pa1905 na1910, José Ortega y Gasset akatenderera Germany kuti aenderere mberi nedzidzo yake; nokudaro akagashira simba rakasimba repfungwa dzeNeo-Kantian. Paakadzokera kuSpain, akatanga kudzidzisa makosi mune zvepfungwa, pfungwa uye hunhu kuEscuela Superior del Magisterio muMadrid. Akadzokera zvakare kune yake alma mater muMadrid, panguva ino kutora chigaro che metaphysics.

Pamwe pamwe nebasa rake rekudzidzisa - apo aive achikurisa iwo mabasa aizoonekwa munguva pfupi seyake yekutanga yekumisikidza - akafunga zvemapepanhau mabasa akakurisa. Saizvozvo, muna 1915 iye akatora hutungamiri hwevhiki nevhiki España. Iri bhuku rakaratidza pachena pro-Allied stance panguva yeHondo Huru.

Kumbira mukurumbira

Panguva iyoyo aive zvakare ari mupepanhau reMadrid Zuva. Chaizvoizvo ipapo vaizo "tanga", muchimiro chemataneru, maviri emabasa ake anomiririra: Invertebrate Spain y Chimurenga cheruzhinji. Iyo yekupedzisira (yakaburitswa sebhuku muna 1929), Yakave iri yakabudirira kwazvo mu José Ortega y Gasset katarogu maererano nekupararira nekutengesa.

Unogona kutenga bhuku pano:Hapana zvigadzirwa zvakawanikwa.

Chimurenga cheruzhinji Iyo yakadudzirwa mumitauro inopfuura makumi maviri uye inoonekwa seiri rakakosha basa mukati meanhasi anthropology uye uzivi. Nekuti mune ino rondedzero munyori aigona kupa kuvanhu chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukurukurwa zvezana ramakore rapfuura: izvo zve "murume - misa". Rimwe basa rekufananidzira raive Murume uye vanhu.

Hupenyu hwematongerwo enyika

Kana hudzvanyiriri hwaPrimo de Rivera hwapera uye mushure mekugadzwa kweChipiri Republic, José Ortega y Gasset akatanga pfupi asi yakajeka basa rezvematongerwo enyika. Muna 1931 akasarudzwa kuve mutevedzeri muRepublican Courts kuRuwa rweLeón.

Gore rimwe chetero, nechinangwa chekutora chikamu mukuvandudzwa kwerudzi, Ortega y Gasset, pamwe chete neboka rakakura revadzidzi, vakaumba iro Boka paSevhisi yeRepublic. Yakanga iri bato rezvematongerwo enyika (kunyangwe vakaramba kushandisa musiyano uyu) vachitsigirwa nere republican uye nemifungo inofambira mberi.

Hondo yevagari vemo uye kutapwa

Makore akatevera aishungurudza Ortega y Gasset nekuda kwenzira yekutaurirana nezvechimiro chitsva chepamutemo cheSpain. Akapedzisira agumbuka nehutongi humwe chete hwehurumende. In consecuense, akafanotaura kuzadzikiswa kwechirongwa chose nekuda kwezvaitaurwa nevazhinji. Saizvozvo, akashoropodza simba rakakura (richiri) rakapihwa vafundisi.

Pakupedzisira, kufungidzira kwake kwakawana simba mumumvuri weHondo Yenyika. Nehumhare nzira, akakwanisa kubuda munyika kungoita mhirizhonga pakati pemapato ari kukakavadzana yakasvika pakakwirira. Mumakore gumi akatevera aive pakati peFrance, Netherlands neArgentina, kudzamara akwanisa kugara muLisbon. Kubva kuPortugal akakwanisa kudzokera kuSpain, naFranco atove musimba musimba.

Kuyananiswa kuchechi?

José Ortega y Gasset akafa muna Gumiguru 18, 1955. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Vamwe vanhu vepedyo naye vaiti muzivi uyu aive ave pedyo neChechi yeKaturike kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake. Asi hama dzake dzakanyatsoramba idzi shanduro ... Vakavapa mazita ekunyepedzera nenhepfenyuro dzakarerekera, dzinodzorwa nevemasimba echechi.

Uzivi hwaOrtega y Gasset

Mafirosofi anodzidziswa naOrtega y Gasset - ane akasiyana mumatanho akasiyana ehupenyu hwake- dzinogona kupfupikiswa pasi pemuraira mumwe chete: iyo yekutarisa. Kazhinji, pfungwa iyi inotaura kuti hapana chokwadi chisingaperi uye chisingazungunuke, asi pane kuunganidzwa kwezvokwadi dzakasiyana dzakasiyana.

Izvo "chokwadi" chaOrtega y Gasset

Kufunga ndekwekuti munhu wega wega ndiye muridzi wezvokwadi yake, izvo zvinodzivirirwa zvinogadziriswa nemamiriro ega ega. Nenzira iyi, imwe yemataurirwo ake akakurumbira yakabuda: "Ndini ini nemamiriro angu ezvinhu, uye kana ndikasamununura, handizviponese." (Don Quixote Kufungisisa, 1914).

Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Munhu nevanhu

Saizvozvowo, akakurudzira kuzorora neakakurumbira edzidziso dzeDescartian, "Ini ndinofunga, saka ndizvo zvandiri." Mukupesana, José Ortega y Gasset anoisa hupenyu sejenisi yezvose. Naizvozvo, pasina kuvapo kwechipenyu, zera repfungwa harigoneke.

Chikonzero chakakosha

Pfungwa iyi inofungidzira "shanduko" yedudziro yechikonzero muchimiro chayo chakachena, chakasimudzirwa munguva yeNhasi. Panguva iyoyo, chirevo chinogamuchirwa chakatemesa kuwana ruzivo chete kuburikidza nesainzi sainzi. Kune rimwe divi, kuna Ortega y Gasset sainzi dzevanhu dzine hukama hwakaenzana nehumwe hwesainzi.