Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos

Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744-1811) aive munyori wepamberi pezvinyorwa zveSpanish muzana ramakore gumi nemasere nekutanga kwemaXNUMX. Pabasa rake aive jurist uye magistrate. Zvinyorwa zva "Jovino" - rimwe remazita ake ekuremekedza - anomiririra kurimwa kwakanaka kwemutauro wechiSpanish nemabhuku. Hunhu uhu hunonyatsooneka mudetembo rake, rinotariswa pakati peakanakisa enguva yake.

Jovellanos akasarudzika nekubata kwakanakisa kwemamwe marudzi, kunyanya neakanaka uye echisikigo prose. Nenzira imwecheteyo, akagadzira yakanatswa lyric uye satire senge yakanatswa sekukatyamadza. Kwete zvisina maturo, chimiro chake chaifungidzirwa icho cheakajekeserwa wezvematongerwo enyika. Nezvikonzero izvi, iye munyori ane huremu hwakakodzera mukati meSpanish yezvematongerwo enyika uye nhoroondo yezvinyorwa.

Biography

Kuzvarwa, hudiki, zvidzidzo uye hudiki

Akabhabhatidza Baltasar Melchor Gaspar María, akaberekerwa muGijon, muna Ndira 5, 1744. Mhuri yake yaive nehunhu, kunyangwe yakanga isina kupfuma. Kubva achiri mudiki airatidza kurumbidza kunoyemurika kune mumwe mudiki kudaro, sezvo iye achibatanidza zvakakwana zvisungo zvake zvedzidzo nerudo rwake rwekunyora. Panguva iyoyo, ainyanya kutapurwa nemasaisai akavhenekerwa.

Mushure mekusvitsa makore gumi nematatu akagara muOviedo kuti adzidze Philosophy kuyunivhesiti yeguta iro. Makore matatu gare gare, suye akatamira kuEvila kunopedzisa baccalaureate yake muCánones. Akawana degree rake kubva kuYunivhesiti yeSanta Catalina de El Burgo de Osma (1761). Akagamuchira degree rake muna 1763 kuSanto Tomás de Ávila University.

Kutanga mabasa

Mushure mekupedza dzidziso yake yechechi kuColegio Mayor de San Ildefonso paUniversity yeAlcalá (1764-1767), akatamira kuSeville. Ikoko, akagadzwa magistrate weRoyal Court uye muna 1774 akapihwa chinzvimbo cheMeya Wemhosva uye Oidor weguta guru reAndalusia.. Mwaka wakatevera, Jovellanos akashanda semunyori wehunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi hweSociedad Patriótica Sevillana.

Saizvozvowo, muna 1773 wechidiki Gaspar akapedza kunyora kwake kwekutanga (kwakashamisa) kunyora Tsotsi rakavimbika (rakabudiswa 1787). Panguva iyoyo, Jovellanos akagadzira akakosha neoclassical zvidimbu, pakati pavo Jovino kushamwari dzake muSalamanca y Kune shamwari dzako muSeville. Yekutanga yaive yemunhu ane hunhu, yechipiri yaive chidimbu chehasha.

Muguta guru

Jovellanos akasvika pa Madrid in 1778. Aripo, akapinda senhengo yeChamber of Mayors of the House and Court. Mumakore anotevera akagamuchirwa kuRoyal Academy Yezve Nhoroondo (1779), iyo Royal Academy yeSan Fernando (1780) uye Royal Spanish Academy (1781). Munguva yekutanga chikamu chema1780s aivewo nhengo yeKanzuru yeMasoja Orders.

Uye zvakare, akangwara weGijonia aive mumwe weaikurudzira veBanco de San Carlos (1782) uye Sociedad Económica Matritense (1784). Pakati pezvinyorwa zvake zvakakosha pazvinhu zvekutengesa zvenguva iyoyo ndeye Taura pamusoro peMutemo weAgrarian. Mairi, anodzivirira kusunungurwa kwenyika uye anotsigira shanduko yakadzama yekurima kweSpanish.

Kupera kwemifananidzo yakaratidzwa

Iyo French Revolution yakaratidza kupera kweChiedza mazano pamwe nekubva kwaJovellanos kubva kuDare. Neichi chikonzero, munyori akadzokera kumusha, kwaakanyora Ratidza mushumo yeRoyal Academy yeNhoroondo. Kutanga muna 1790, akashanyira Asturias, Cantabria uye Nyika yeBasque kuitira kuti adzidze mamiriro emigodhi yemarasha. Mhedziso yake yaive yakanaka kuwedzera kugadzirwa.

Gare gare, pasi pehurumende yemubatanidzwa waManuel Godoy neFrance yechimurenga, Jovellanos akabvuma kuve Gurukota reGrace neRuramisiro. Kunyangwe anga achingova muhofisi kwenguva inopfuura rinopfuura gore (1797), akasiya mucherechedzo nekuda kwekuchinja kwake. Saizvozvowo, akapokana zvakasimba neKubvunzurudza uye zvipenga zveChechi.

Kutapwa

Mushure mekugara kwenguva pfupi muGijon seGweta reHurumende, muna 1800 Godoy akarayira kuti asungwe uye adzingwe kuMallorca. Chikonzero: Jovellanos akapomerwa mhosva yekuunza kuSpain kopi yebhuku rakarambidzwa, Chibvumirano chemagariro, ivo Rousseau. Pamusoro pezvo, munyori weAsturian akavhiringidzwa zvakanyanya neakakura maitiro eanopokana-kujekeswa tsika yechivanhu panguva iyoyo.

Unogona kutenga bhuku pano: Dzidziso-inoshanda dzidziso chibvumirano

Pachitsuwa cheMediterranean akatsanangura Ndangariro pane zveruzhinji dzidzo (1802). Nenzira imwecheteyo, iye paakavharirwa muBellver Castle, akanyora Nhoroondo dzezvakaitika pamusoro penzvimbo yeBellver (rakabudiswa post mortem) uye Theoreico-inoshanda kurapa pakudzidzisa (1802). Pakupedzisira, akasunungurwa makore matatu asati afa, kwakaitika muna Mbudzi 27, 1811. Aive nemakore makumi matanhatu nemanomwe.

Nhaka

Jovellanos anga ari iye munyori wenhamba inoyevedza yekutonga, kushora uye mishumo yehunhu hwemutemo yeDare Repamusorosoro reCastile. Saizvozvo, huwandu hwayo hwakawanda hwakaratidzwa kana uchiongorora hupamhi hweruzivo munzvimbo dzakaita senge economics, nhoroondo, dzidziso, geography uye hunyanzvi. Hazvishamisi kuti rake rakanyorwa basa rinodhinda anopfuura makumi mashanu ezvinyorwa.

Uye zvakare, airatidza kufarira kwakanyanya muhunhu hwemapoka evanhu. Zvakanaka, maonero emunyori weGijon aigara achisiyaniswa nemaitiro akazara enharaunda imwe neimwe kana chinhu chekudzidza, chakagadzirwa mukati mekunyatsoita nzira. Nechikonzero ichi, Jovellanos anoonekwa seanotungamira enzira dzinoverengeka dzesainzi dzakagadziriswa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Mabasa ake anozivikanwa

Theater

• Pelayo / Munuza, nhamo (1769).
• Tsotsi rakavimbika (1774).

Nhetembo nziyo uye kudanana

• Mariro kurumbidzwa kweMarquis de los Llanos de Alguazas (1780).
• Mukurumbidza kwaCarlos III (1788).

Dhayari uye Ndangariro

• Diario (1790 - 1801).
• Ndangariro dzemhuri (1790-1810).
• Rwendo rwekufamba kubva kuBellver (Mallorca) kuenda kuJadraque (Guadalajara). Dzokai pakutapwa (1808).

dzidzo

• Taura kune Protomedicato padunhu reSeville Medical Society uye kudzidza kweMedicine kuYunivhesiti (1777).
• Mutemo weiyo hupfumi, masisitimu uye ekunyora hurumende yeCollege yeiyo Yakachena Conception yeSalamanca, maererano nechirongwa chitsva chakabvumidzwa naMambo Mukubvunzana neRoyal Council yeOrder (1790).
• Ndangariro dzePadagogical. (1790-1809).
• Chisungo cheRoyal Asturian Institute (1793).
• Munamato pane kukosha kwekubatanidza kudzidza kwemabhuku kune iyo yesainzi (1797).
• Ronga kuronga zvidzidzo zveYunivhesiti (1798).
• Dzidzo chirongwa chevanokudzwa uye vakapfuma makirasi (1798).
• Ndangariro pane zveruzhinji fundo kana dzidziso-inoshanda kurapa pakudzidzisa nechikumbiro kuzvikoro uye makoreji evana (1802).
• Mabhesi ekuumbwa kwechirongwa chePublic Instruction (1809).

Economy

• Zvinokonzera kudzikira kweEconomic Societies (1786).
• Chirevo muAgrarian Law File (1794).
• Taura nezve kubviswa kwemafuta kune mamwe madzimambo. (1774).
• Taura nezvekuvandudzwa kwemutengesi wegungwa (1784).
• Chirevo chekuisa nzira nyowani yeSpinning Silk (1789).

unyanzvi

• General chirongwa chekuvandudza chakatsanangurwa kuGijon City Council (1782).
• Mhan'ara kuGeneral Board of Commerce neMari pane rwemahara kurovedza hunyanzvi (1785).
• Bellver castle memory, nhoroondo-yehunyanzvi tsananguro (1805).

Zvematongerwo enyika

• Kutanga kumiririrwa kuna Carlos IV (1801).
• Chechipiri mumiriri kuna Carlos IV (1802).
• Mumiriri waFernando VII (1808).
• Ndangariro mukudzivirira kweCentral Board (1811).