Fyodor Dostoevsky mumwe wevanyori vakanyanya kukosha vezana remakore rechiXNUMX.. Anoonekwa semunyori wepasi rose nekuda kwehukuru hwebasa rake, sezvo kunyangwe ari munyori wevanyori vekuRussia, basa rake rasvikawo tsika dzekuMadokero, pfungwa nemabhuku. Pamwe chete naye, kunewo vanyori vakuru veRussia vezana remakore rechi1828: Leo Tolstoy (1910-1860), Anton Chekhov (1904-1799) kana Aleksandr Pushkin (1837-XNUMX). Vese, kunyangwe vakagadzirawo mamwe marudzi, vaive vanyori vengano.
Pamwe chete naDostoevsky, vakakwanisa kuzarura fungidziro yevaverengi vane mavara aiita seakagadzirwa nenyama neropa. Dostoevsky akashandura mabhuku ezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe nemabhuku ake makuru akarongwa muchokwadi, sangano rakatora chikamu chikuru chehafu yechipiri yezana remakore iroro munyika dzeEurope. Mufungo wake nebasa rake zvakabatana zvikuru nenguva yaakararama mukati mehumambo hukuru hweRussia hwaizosvika kumugumo zvishoma nezvishoma.
Tsarist Russia: mamiriro
Romanov dzinza rakaenderera mberi muzana remakore rechiXNUMX. uyo akanga agara pachigaro choumambo muna XVII. Munguva yehupenyu hwaDostoevsky, mambo maviri makuru akatonga umambo: Nicholas I (kutonga: 1825-1855) uye Alexander II (kutonga: 1855-1881).
Nicholas ndaifanira kurwisana neavo vaimupomera kuva akasununguka uye kuzvisimbisa nekutora kutonga kwakasimba pamusoro pehuwandu hwehuwandu nematanho akaomesesa (kunyanya emhando yedzidzo nekutambudzwa muyunivhesiti nemupepanhau).
Mwanakomana wako, Alexander II, akatarisana nekuguma kweHondo yeCrimea, hondo yakatanga panguva yaitonga baba vake uye yakaguma nekukundwa kweRussia nenyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzeEurope. Kunyangwe akakurudzira shanduko dzakasiyana panguva yake, izvi zvakaguma nekupondwa kwake., yakaitwa neve leftist movements mushure mekuedza kwakati wandei.
Naizvozvo, somune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, mamiriro okunze muRussia muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX akanga akanaka nokuda kwokurwisana. Pasinei nechiratidzo cheabsolutist cheumambo hweRussia, Alexander II akatsigira shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana uye akaedza kusimudzira rumwe rudzi rwakasununguka rwehutongi, asi zvaisazokwana. Shanduko ya1917 inowana mavambo ayo muzana rino ramakore.
Sosaiti yakanga yanetawo nemuenzaniso wayakanga yagara mairi. Ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuRussia muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX vaive varimi uye nekutonga kwaAlexander II serfdom kwakapera., izvo vanhu vekumaruwa vaigona kutanga kuva nechiremera zvishoma uye kusabatwa sezvinhu zvakapfava nevaridzi veminda. Nekudaro, iyo estate sosaiti yakanga yatove isingachashandi uye mamiriro ekunze aya aizova nhanganyaya kusvika kumagumo etsarism.
Fyodor Dostoevsky: biography
Fyodor Dostoevsky akaberekwa muna 1821 muMoscow.. Baba vake, chiremba uye muridzi wevhu, vaive mudzvinyiriri uye chiremera naye uye naamai vake panguva yehudiki hwake. Paakafa nokukurumidza, Fyodor akasiyiwa pamberi pebaba vane unhu hunovhiringidza avo vakakurumidza kumutumira kudzidza paChikoro cheMilitary Engineers muSt. Petersburg, kwaaizopedza kudzidza semukuru.
Ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye Hondo hazvina kumuodza mwoyo kubva pakutanga nzira yake yekunyora, uye mushure mekushandurwa kweBalzac akaramba achinyora. Zvakadaro, mushure mekubudirira kwebhuku rake rekutanga muna 1846 (Varombo) akawana wongororo dzakavhengana mumabhuku ake anotevera saka akarega kunyora kwemakore mashoma aitevera. Izvo zvinofanirwa kuwedzerwa matambudziko ake ekubhejera uye doro izvo zvaizounza zvikwereti zvinopfuurira kwehupenyu hwake hwose.
Panguva iyoyo Dostoevsky aipindira mumapoka epfungwa dzakasununguka uye dzepfungwa dzaireva mutongo werufu (rangarirai kutambudzwa uko mapoka aya akaiswa mukati mekutonga kwaNicholas I). Asi mutongo worufu wakachinjwa kuva basa rechibharo munyika dzinotonhora dzeSiberia. Zvisinei, pashure pokunge abatsirwa nokuregererwa, akamanikidzwa kushanda ari oga. Munguva yake ari kuSiberia akasangana nomudzimai wake wokutanga waakaroora muna 1857, kunyange zvazvo aizofa makore gare gare.
Apedza mutongo wake akadzokera kumabhuku Ndangariro dzeimba yevakafa (1862). Kubva pano hapana chandaizoita kunze kwekunyora nekutamba. Akararama makore ake akanakisa semunyori, asi kupindwa muropa nekubhejera kwaizomuendesa kuhupenyu hwekusuwa, kuwana kutamba kodzero dzebasa rake.
Nezvekupindwa muropa nekubhejera, akanyora rimwe remabasa ake akanakisa, Mutambi (1866). Uye mushure merwendo kuburikidza neEurope akadzokera kuRussia uye muSt. Petersburg akanyora riri basa rake rinonyanya kuzivikanwa, Mhosva uye Kurangwa (1866).
Dostoevsky akaroora zvakare muna 1867 nemutaipa akamubatsira kunyora zvinyorwa zvake. Aitoda kuti auye nenguva yekuendesa zvinhu zvake kuitira kuti asazorasikirwa nenjere pabasa rake. Akaita vana vana naye uye akafa muna 1881 muSaint Petersburg kubva mukubuda ropa mumapapu ane chokuita nepfari yaakatambura muupenyu hwake hwose.
Fyodor Dostoevsky: basa
Akafemerwa nepfungwa nebasa raVoltaire, Kant, Hegel, Bakunin, Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Shakespeare naCervantes, Victor Hugo naDickens, kutaura vashoma. Uzivi hwakanga husingagumi muhupenyu hwake, kunyange zvazvo Dostoevsky asina kuzviona semuzivi. Asi pamwe kufarira mundima iyi kwaizomubatsira kukudziridza mavara akadzama kwazvo anokwanisa kuuya muhupenyu mumanovhero ake. Zvakadaro psychology yevatambi vake yave ine chekuita nedzidziso yepfungwa yakazotsanangurwa naSigmund Freud. Ngatisakanganwe kuti Dostoevsky akatakura uremu hwababa vane utsinye uye vane utsinye.
Ndizvozvo, kunyange zvazvo Dostoevsky aigara achifarira kuenzana kwevanhu, zvichida chokwadi chokuti baba vake vakaurayiwa nemhomho yevarimi yakakonzera mafungiro ake echiKristu chaiwo, anopesana nesocialism yenguva iyoyo. Saizvozvowo, munyori weRussia aive achikakavadzana pachake uye mubasa rake pakati peRussian Orthodoxy uye shanduko itsva dzaiuya muWestern Europe.. Hunyambiri uhwu hunowanikwa mukufunga kwake nemubasa rake.
Dostoevsky uye Russian novel
Dostoevsky akanyora nyaya pfupi, kunyange zvakadaro mabhuku ake ndiwo akamusimudzira. Mazhinji acho akaburitswa nemafascicles muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana izvo iye pachake aizova mutariri wekugadzirisa.
Nekufambira mberi kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX kwakauya chokwadi. Iyi yakanga iri Golden Age yemabhuku echiRussia, nguva yainyanya kunakidza yerinovhero uye nhoroondo huru. Nhau dzakarebesa, dzizere netsananguro uye dzine mavara ane hunhu hwakaoma. Dostoevsky aiva shasha pakunyora nyaya dzemhando idzi. Aiziva kuruka mamiriro enhoroondo nevatambi vake nemakakatanwa aivatambudza.
Akavaka mifananidzo yechokwadi yehupfumi hukuru hwakapesana neRomanticism. Zvinyorwa zvake mukati mechokwadi zvakatenderedzwa mungano yepfungwa. Aya mabhuku anotaura nyaya uye, panguva imwe cheteyo, anoita fungidziro yakadzama pamusoro pemadingindira makuru evanhu, ane mavara akakweverwa zvakakomba.
Main mabasa
- Varombo (1846). Novel yake yekutanga, basa reepistolary.
- Ndangariro dzeimba yevakafa (1862). Novel umo zviyeuchidzo zvenguva yake semusungwa muSiberia zvinowanikwa.
- Ndangariro dzepasi pevhu (1864). Iyo inonyanya kuve yemukati monologue yehunhu kunze kwemunhu wese. Kubata kwayo kwakauya panguva yekushaya simba kukuru kwaDostoevsky mushure mekufa kwemukadzi wake wekutanga uye mukoma.
- Mhosva uye Kurangwa (1866). Ibasa rake rinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye rine simba guru. Iyo protagonist, Raskólnikov, mudzidzi anogara munhamo uye anofunga kuuraya yekare chikwereti shark. Misoro yepakati yebasa iri inotarisana nemhosva, kutsvaga kuvimbika uye tsika dzakanaka uye, pakupedzisira, kukanganwira uye tsitsi.
- Mutambi (1866). Rinovhero rakasungirirwa kune zvakaitika kumunyori pachake nekupindwa muropa nekubhejera.
- Benzi (1868). Inyaya ya benzi vane matambudziko ehunhu akafanana neakatarisana nemutambi we Mhosva uye Kurangwa.
- Dhimoni (1872). Novel inounganidza zvematongerwo enyika.
- Dhayari remunyori (1873-1881) Yakanga iri bhuku rinodzidzisa umo Dostoevsky akatanga kufunga, kutarisisa kwemweya uye kutsoropodza kwezvematongerwo enyika, zvese mukati mehurongwa hwenguva yake.
- Hama dzaKaramazov (1880). Basa raakanzwa achidada zvikuru uye zvichida rainyanya kufunga. Chinyorwa chepfungwa chinobata nekunetsana pakati pevabereki nevana, chinhu chaigara chichimudya moyo. Ichowo mufananidzo wakakwana wezana remakore rechiXNUMX nzanga yeRussia.
Tinokukoka iwe kuti uwane kana kuti utsvage zvakare nyanzvi yezvinyorwa zvepasi rose nekuonekana nemashoko kubva kwaari: "Chakavanzika chekuvapo kwevanhu hakusi kungorarama chete, asiwo kuziva izvo munhu anoraramira".