Friedrich Nietzsche akugwira mawu
Mabuku abwino kwambiri afilosofi ndi omwe amawonetsa malingaliro a anzeru zingapo akulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Ndi lingaliro la akatswiri monga Seneca kapena René Descartes, kutchula ena odziwika bwino. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ntchito za Friedrich Nietzsche, Simone de Beauvuoir, Osho ndi Jostein Gaarder, pakati pa ena, ndizosapeweka.
Momwemonso, zolemba zafilosofi zomwe kwenikweni ndizophatikiza zomwe zidamalizidwa mzaka zingapo zitha kugulitsidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa mabuku padziko lonse lapansi (Tao te ching, Ndi m'modzi wawo). Aliyense Mabuku afilosofi ali ndi cholinga chofananira, chozama, choyenera kupendedwa ndi bata ndi kulingalira. Chifukwa chake, powerenga motere kuthamangira kulibe tanthauzo. Nawu mndandanda wazantchito zabwino kwambiri pamundawu.
Zotsatira
Tao te ching (M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC)
Amatchedwanso Dào Dé Jing o Tao Te Ching, Ndizolemba zakale zaku China. Kukula kwake kumatha kutengera dzina lake; chabwino Dao amatanthauza "njira", kuchokera umaimira "mphamvu" kapena "ukoma" ndi jing amatanthauza "buku lakale". Malinga ndi miyambo yaku China, idapangidwa m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. C ya Laozi - lotanthauziridwa Lao Tzu, "mphunzitsi wakale" - Wosunga Zhou Dynasty.
Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amakayikira kuti nkhaniyi ndi yolemba komanso zaka zingati. Mbali inayi, mawu a Tao te ching adakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri achi Taoism. Chifukwa chake, zolembedwazi zidakhudza kwambiri maphunziro ena kapena masukulu auzimu ku Asia (Neo-Confucianism and Legalism, mwachitsanzo).
Kutanthauzira ndi kutanthauzira
Zolemba izi ndizodzaza ndi malamulo osamveka bwino, ogwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi zosiyanasiyana pamoyo wawo, kuyambira pamitu yodziwika kwambiri komanso yamasiku onse kufikira malingaliro a gulu lazandale. Chifukwa chake, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa owerenga ndikutenga malingaliro a Dào Dé Jing popanda kuyesa kukhala mtheradi kapena cholinga chathunthu.
mfundo zofunikira
- A Tao amamvetsetsa lingaliro la mafunso opanda malire, ndiopitilira, ilibe mawonekedwe kapena mawu otsimikizika. Komanso sizingafotokozedwe m'mawu.
- El Dào Dé Jing mayanjano ndi Yin -Chikazi chachikazi, chamdima komanso chosamvetsetseka cha zinthu- ndimadzi amadzi kapena kufewa. Mosiyana ndi kukhazikika ndi kukhazikika kwa thanthwe kapena phiri (Yan).
- Lingaliro la "kubwerera" mu Dào Dé Jing ndi chimodzimodzi ndi "kusinkhasinkha", "Hindsight" kapena "kuchotsa" pa iyemwini. Mulimonsemo silikutanthauza kubwerera ku zomwe zidachitika.
- Palibe chomwe chikuyimira maziko a Tao ndi Kukhala, cholinga chake. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusiya kudzikonda, malingaliro am'mbuyomu komanso nkhawa zakudziko ngati chikhumbocho chilidi chokwanira m'maganizo.
Za kufupika kwa moyo (55 AD)
Mwa brevitate vitae anali amodzi mwa malemba omwe amapangidwa Zokambirana, buku la wafilosofi Seneca odzipereka kwa Paulino. Mu ntchito, mlembiyu akuti moyo - ngakhale ukuwoneka kuti ndi wotero - siwufupi; ndi munthu yemwe amapanga malingaliro amenewo osadziwa momwe angawapindulire. Pachifukwachi, akatswiri a mbiri yakale akunena kuti woganiza wachiroma anali umboni wosatsutsika wa omwe adalemba Spanish Golden Age.
mfundo zofunikira
- Nthawi ndi yamtengo wapataliChifukwa chake, sikuyenera kuwonongedwa pofufuza zinthu zomwe pamapeto pake sizothandiza.
- Munthu amene safuna kukhala ndi moyo kwakanthawi sayenera kukhala otanganidwa.
- Moyo umadutsa katatu: zakale, zamtsogolo komanso zamtsogolo. Kuchokera kwa iwo, pakadali pano kung'anima chabe - pafupifupi kulibeko— m'tsogolo mwadzaza kusatsimikizika ndipo zakale ndizo zokha zomwe sizingatsutsike.
- Wina alidi wanzeru - malinga ndi Seneca - ndi munthu amene amakumbukira zakale mosamala, gwiritsani ntchito zomwe zapezekazi ndikudziwa momwe mungatsogolere tsogolo lanu.
- Iwo amene amasintha zakale, amanyalanyaza zomwe alipo ndipo akukumana ndi tsogolo lokayika ndi mantha.
Nkhani yanjira (1637), wolemba René Descartes
Nkhaniyi imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazipilala zaku West filosofi ndi mawu omwe ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pakukula kwa sayansi. Udindo wathunthu wa ntchitoyi ndi (womasuliridwa kuchokera ku French) Kukambirana pa njira yodziyankhira bwino ndikufunafuna chowonadi mu sayansi.
Kapangidwe kalankhulidwe ndi mawu ofotokozera
Amagawidwa m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi:
- Yoyamba ndi luntha la mbiri yakale, momwe wolemba amakayikira chidziwitso chake cham'mbuyomu, amatsutsa za sayansi ndi zamulungu za nthawi yake. Pamenepo akumaliza ndikutsimikiza kuti njira yokhayo yopita kuchowonadi ndi mwa iwemwini.
- Gawo lachiwiri, Descartes amafotokoza mwachangu zoyambira za njira yake yatsopanoyi kudzera m'malamulo anayi:
- Umboni ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chothandizira kuchonderera.
- Gawani vuto m'magawo ambiri momwe mungafunikire kuti mufufuze bwino ndikupereka mayankho ake.
- Ikani malingaliro; kukwera mmwamba molingana ndi zovuta zawo.
- Unikani ntchito yomwe yachitika kuti "onetsetsani kuti musaphonye chilichonse."
- Mu gawo lachitatu, amalimbikitsa woganiza wamakono kuti akhazikitse chifukwa chake ndipo amalankhula za "kakhalidwe kokhazikika komwe kamalamulira moyo wake." Ponena za kachidindo kameneka, tchulani mawu anayi osapeweka:
- Tsatirani malamulo adziko lonse, lemekezani miyambo yadziko, sungani chipembedzo chanu ndikumvera malingaliro osasinthasintha.
- Khalani olimba mtima komanso otsimikiza pantchito zomwe zikuyenera kuchitika, ngakhale zomwe zimayambitsa kukayika.
- Chinthu chokhacho choyang'aniridwa ndi munthu ndi malingaliro awo.
- M'chigawo chachinayi, a Descartes akhazikitsa mfundo yoti "kukayika kwakanthawi" ndikupanga mawu ake odziwika akuti "Ndikuganiza, chifukwa chake ndili", omwe amavomereza kukhalapo kwa Mulungu.
- Mu gawo lachisanu, aluntha aku France akuwonetsa bungwe lachilengedwe ndipo moyo umawunikidwa kwa anthu okha (kupatula nyama).
- Gawo lachisanu ndi chimodzi, a Descartes akuti chidziwitso cha sayansi chiyenera kufalikira. Pomaliza, awulula kufunitsitsa kwake kuti asakhale "wofunikira mdziko lapansi" kuti apewe zosokoneza ndikukhazikika pamaphunziro ake.
Adatelo a Zarathustra (1883), lolembedwa ndi Friedrich Nietzsche
Amaonedwa kuti ndi mbambande ya Friedrich Nietzsche. Adatelo a Zarathustra. Buku la aliyense komanso aliyense (mutu wathunthu) umafufuza malingaliro akulu a wafilosofi waku Germany. Malingalirowa ali munkhani zingapo komanso zolemba zamankhwala zomwe zimayang'ana zokumana nazo ndi zowonetsa za mneneri Zarathustra (Zoroaster wa Aperisi).
Ndipotu, Nietzsche adagwiritsa ntchito munthu wongopeka wa Zarathustra - osati wolemba mbiri - monga wolankhulira ziphunzitso zake. Amamuwonetsa ngati munthu wowunikiridwa yemwe chiweruzo chake chimaposa cha munthu aliyense komanso m'njira yotsutsana ndi malamulo a Tchalitchi cha Katolika.
Zolemba
Imfa ya Mulungu
Ikuyimira nthawi yomwe munthu amakwanitsa kukula kotero kuti safuna Mulungu woti awonetse malangizo a kukhalapo kwake. Pamenepo, Makhalidwe abwino amalowedwa m'malo ndi chowonadi ndipo munthu ali ndi udindo panjira yake.
Chifuniro cha mphamvu kapena Bermensch
Ndilo lingaliro lalikulu pakati pa ntchitoyi, lochokera ku filosofi isanachitike, ndizomveka bwino zofunikira komanso mwachilengedwe. Ngakhale, Nietzsche nthawi zonse amawonetsa kusamvekera momveka bwino pakuya kwa buku lake "wobadwa mwa chuma chambiri kwambiri cha chowonadi." Ndipo ndichakuti, nthawi yomweyo, imapewa chinyengo chilichonse chofuna "kukonza umunthu."
Kubweranso kwamuyaya kwa moyo
Pomaliza, Zarathustra imalimbikitsa amuna kuti azikumbukira moyo wonse, m'malo mongoganizira zamtsogolo. Momwemonso, Nietzsche ananenetsa kuti kufooka kwa munthu ndikufunafuna kulemera ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwauzimu atafa.
Mabuku ofunikira kwambiri anzeru zam'zaka za zana la XNUMX
Kugonana kwachiwiri (1949), wolemba Simone de Beauvoir
Iyi ndi nkhani yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idachitika chifukwa chofufuza kwa wolemba waku France pankhani yokhudza kutenga pakati komanso udindo wa amayi pagulu. Chifukwa cha zonena zake zosintha - pokhapokha kukhala wopambana pakufalitsa - bukuli lidayika maziko a chachikazi za chilungamo.
Momwemonso, zimawerengedwa ngati buku lofotokozera chifukwa chakuwunikira azimayi ochokera kumalingaliro osiyanasiyana ndi asayansi. Zina mwazomwe zaphunzitsidwa ndi izi: chikhalidwe cha anthu, anthropology, psychology, biology ndi anatomy yoberekera (ndimomwe zimakhudzira ubale wogonana).
Palibe zogulitsa.
Dziko la Sofia (1991), lolembedwa ndi Jostein Gaarder
Ngakhale mutuwu umadziwika kuti ndi buku lachilendo, Wolemba waku Norway adagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu kuti aunikenso za filosofi yaku Western. Zotsatira zake zakhala buku logulitsidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomasuliridwa mzilankhulo zoposa makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndikusinthidwa kukhala kanema (1999) motsogozedwa ndi Erik Gustavson.
Mafilimu afilosofi anafotokozedwa (kwa Sophie, protagonist)
- Kubadwanso
- Zachikondi
- Zopezeka
- Malingaliro a Marx
- Kuphatikiza apo, chiphunzitso cha Big Bang chafotokozedwa ndipo ena mwa anthu azopeka ochokera m'mabuku akale amawoneka (Little Red Riding Hood, Ebenezer Scrooge ndi mayi wa Abale Grimm Nthano).
Chidziwitso (2001), wolemba Osho *
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, Osho si wolemba mokwanira mawuwa. Mabuku ake adapangidwa kuchokera pazokambirana za zokambirana zosakonzekera ndi zokambirana zomwe zidaperekedwa pazaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu. Mwa iwo, malingaliro ake pazinthu kuyambira pakudzifufuza kwake amaperekedwa, pazokambirana pazandale komanso anthu.
En Chidziwitso, wafilosofi wachihindu amalimbikitsa anthu kuti akhalebe tcheru "pano komanso pano." Mwanjira imeneyi, munthu amatha kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwakusintha kwa malingaliro monga mkwiyo, mkwiyo, nsanje komanso malingaliro. Kuphatikiza apo, imanenanso za kuvomereza ndi mgwirizano wama polarities (chisangalalo ndikulira, mwachitsanzo) ngati njira yofananira.
Ndemanga, siyani yanu
Nkhani yabwino kwambiri, koma yovuta kuwerenga m'malo ena chifukwa zolembedwazo ndi zomveka bwino.