William Shakespeare yana wasa

Ayyukan William Shakespeare taska ce ga adabin duniya; wannan mutumin marubucin waƙoƙin Burtaniya ne, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya rayu tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMX da XNUMX. Koyaya, tasirin al'adun ayyukansa ya wuce shekaru. Yau ana ɗaukar shi azaman zane-zane na zane-zane, haruffa da sanannun al'adun Yammacin Turai. Akwai waɗanda ke da shi a matsayin mafi mahimmancin marubucin kowane lokaci a cikin harshen Ingilishi.

Wasannin Shakespeare sun hada da wasan kwaikwayo, wasannin kwaikwayo na tarihi, da bala'i. Waɗannan ɓangare ne na al'adar wasan kwaikwayo na Elizabethan, amma sun yi fice tsakanin na sauran mawallafa don ƙimar su da muhimmancin su. Girman sa ya ta'allaka ne da amfani da yare, da kuma sanin makamar aiki, da rashin sanin yakamata da halayen duniya baki ɗaya.

William Shakespeare da amincin gadon sa

Abubuwan da aka ambata a baya sun ci gaba da tsare-tsaren William Shakespeare, jimloli, da haruffa a cikin ƙarnuka da yawa. A lokuta daban-daban ayyukan marubutan nasa sun yi wahayi zuwa ga sauran marubuta, masu fasahar roba, 'yan rawa, yan wasa da yan fim. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ya halitta an fassara su zuwa harsuna da yawa. Ya kuma rubuta waka da waka.

Har yanzu akwai tattaunawa game da mawallafin abubuwansa. An faɗi wannan ne da farko saboda asalin Shakespeare ba na aristocratic sun saba da inganci da wadatar rubutunsa ba. Hakanan an faɗi saboda akwai ƙananan bayanan bayanan da ke tallafawa al'amuran rayuwarsa. Koyaya, yawancin masu sukar suna danganta ayyukansa ga marubuci guda mai suna William Shakespeare, wanda kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma mai haɗin gwiwar sanannen kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na London da ake kira Lord Chamberlain's Men.

Tarihin Rayuwa

Haihuwa da dangi

An haifi William Shakespeare a garin Stratford-on-Avon a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1564, ko a wani kwanan wata kusa da wannan watan. Akwai tabbaci game da baftismarsa, wanda ya faru a ranar 26 ga Afrilu na wannan shekarar a Cocin Triniti Mai Tsarki a Stratford.

Shi ɗa ne ga auren da John Shakespeare da Mary Arden suka kafa, dan kasuwa tare da wasu abubuwan da suka dace a cikin al'ummarsa da magajin wani mai mallakar Katolika.

Karatu

An yi imanin cewa a lokacin yarinta ya halarci Stratford Grammar School, makarantar firamare ta gida wanda ya sami damar zuwa saboda matsayin zamantakewar iyayensa. Idan wannan zaton gaskiya ne, a can ya koyi Latin da Ingilishi mai ci gaba kuma ya yi karatun adabin gargajiya na zamanin da.

Sauran karatun nasa ana ɗaukar su ne masu zaman kansu, ta hanyar littattafai daga wurare daban-daban.. Saboda haka, kwararrun masana da yawa sun ɗauka cewa William Shakespeare yana da yanayin fahimta na musamman sama da yawan mutanen. Wadannan ƙwarewar sun sa shi ya sami daraja, amma har ma da abokan gaba da yawa.

Matrimonio

Tun tana shekara 18 (a 1582) marubuciya ta auri Anne Hathaway, ,ar wani manomi a yankin. Yara uku aka haifa daga ƙungiyar. Ana zato cewa yana da lamuran karin aure, har ma Shakespeare ɗan luwaɗi ne. Ba a san ƙaramin abu daidai da ƙimar samarin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ba.

Motsawa zuwa London da haɗuwa da kamfanin maza na Chamber Chamber

A ƙarshen 1880s marubucin ya koma London. Zuwa 1592 ya riga ya more wani sananne da kuma fitarwa a matsayin ɗan wasa da kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a fagen birni. A lokacin zaman sa a Landan ya yi rubuce-rubuce da kuma gabatar da mafi yawan wasannin da ya yi a wasan kwaikwayo, ya zama sananne kuma ya more ci gaban tattalin arziki.

A cikin waɗannan shekarun ya haɗu da kamfanin Maza na Chamberlain, ɗayan shahararrun lokacin kuma rawanin kamfani ne ke ɗaukar nauyinsa..

Komawa ga Stanford da mutuwa

Tsakanin 1611 da 1613 ya sake komawa Stratford, inda ya fuskanci wasu matsalolin doka waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sayan wasu filaye. Alƙalamin marubuci bai gama ƙirƙirarwa ba, ana ganin Shakespeare koyaushe yana ƙirƙirar wasannin kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi, wallafe-wallafensa ya kasance abin birgewa.

William Shakespeare ya mutu a 1616, daidai da ranar da ya cika shekaru 52 da haihuwa. (Wannan, tabbas, idan lissafin dangane da ranar haihuwarsa daidai ne).

Kamar yadda aikin wani abu mai duhu da nadama, ɗanta tilo, mai suna Hamlet, ya mutu yana ƙarami, kuma 'ya'yan' ya'yanta mata ba su da 'ya'ya, don haka babu zuriyar zuriyar auren Shakespeare da Hathaway.

William Shakespeare yana wasa

Wasanninsa na wasan kwaikwayo an sanya su cikin wasan kwaikwayo, bala'i da wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi.

Comedies

• Abin dariya na kuskure (1591)
• Manyan sarakunan biyu na Verona (1591-1592)
• Rashin aikin soyayya (1592)
• Taming na Shrew (1594)
• Mafarkin wani lokacin bazara (1595-1596)
• Dan kasuwar Venice (1596-1597)
• Da yawa tallafi Game da Babu komai (1598)
• Kamar yadda kake so (1599-1600)
• Matan Merry na Windsor (1601)
• Daren Sarki (1601-1602)
• Zuwa kyakkyawan karshe babu farkon farawa (1602-1603)
• Auna don ma'auni (1604)
• Pericles (1607)
• Ymwaron kumburi (1610)
• Labarin Hunturu (1610-1611)
• Guguwar (1612)

Bala'i

• Titus Andronicus (1594)
• Romeo y Julieta (1595)
• Julius Kaisar (1599)
• alƙarya (1601)
• Troilus da Cressida (1602)
• Othello (1603-1604)
• Sarki Lear (1605-1606)
• Macbeth (1606)
• Antonio da Cleopatra (1606)
• Coriolanus (1608)
• Helm na Atina (1608)

Wasan kwaikwayo na Tarihi

• Edward III (1596).
• Henry na shida (1594)
• Richard III (1597).
• Richard II (1597).
• Henry na hudu 1598 - 1600
• Henry na V (1599)
• Sarki (1598)
• Henry na VIII (1613)

Shakespeare shima ya rubuta waka. A cikin wannan nau'ikan adabi, waƙoƙi masu daɗaɗɗa da waƙoƙi suna da fice, kamar, misali, Venus da Adonis y Fyade na Lucrecia, amma, sama da duka, nasu Sonnets (1609).

Bayanin wasu ayyukan wakilci na Shakespeare

Taming na Shrew

Yana da ban dariya a cikin ayyuka biyar da gabatarwa suka gabace shi, wanda a ciki aka bayyana cewa abubuwan da za'a shirya sun zama yanki na wasan kwaikwayo cewa zai bayyana a gaban shagon maye, wanda mai martaba yake so ya yi masa ba'a. Wannan gabatarwar (meta-gidan wasan kwaikwayo) ya nanata wa mai kallo ƙagaggen labarin.

Muhawara ta tsakiya ta zama gama gari a cikin adabi da al'adun baka na lokacin. Koyaya, haɓakawa da halayen halayen ya bambanta shi da ayyukan da suka gabata, wannan, ba shakka, saboda ƙimar alkalami na mahaliccinsa. Yau ita ce ɗayan shahararrun shahararrun Shakespeare.

Jarumar tata itace Catalina Minola, mace daya tilo yar gidan mai martaba daga Padua. Catalina ta raina masu neman ta kuma ta raina aure. Wata shari'ar daban ita ce ƙanwarta, Blanca, wacce ke budurwa mai zaki da mafarki tare da yawancin masu neman aure. Mahaifinsu yana so ya auri Catalina da farko don girmama al'adu, yana karya zuciyar masu neman Blanca.

Zuwan Petruchio zuwa birni, mai neman Catherine, ya ba da jerin yanayi da rikice-rikice na ainihi. A ƙarshe, mutumin ya sami nasarar lalata ɗabi'un jaruntakar Catalina kuma ya aure ta. Wannan aikin ya zama abin faɗakarwa ga litattafai da yawa na ban dariya na ƙarni masu zuwa.

Gutsure

"Kungiya: Ban sani ba. Zan fi so in karɓi sadakinta a kan wannan sharaɗin: a yi min bulala kowace safiya a kasuwa.

"Hortensio: Ee, kamar yadda kuka ce, akwai ɗan zaɓi kaɗan tsakanin mummunan apples. Amma duba: tunda wannan matsalar ta doka ta sa mu zama abokai, bari mu zama abokai har sai, bayan mun taimakawa babbar ɗiyar Battista ta sami miji, sai mu bar ƙarami don neman miji, sannan kuma mu sake faɗa. Bianca mai dadi! Farin ciki duk wanda ya ci ku. Duk wanda ya fi saurin gudu sai ya samu zoben. Kun yarda, sa hannu Kungiya?

"Kungiya: Yayi, haka ne. Zan ba da mafi kyaun doki ga wanda, a cikin Padua, ya fara zuga babba, ya lallabata har zuwa ƙarshe, ya kwace ta, ya kwantar da ita, ya sakar mata gida. Ku tafi!

(Gremio da Hortensio sun fita. Tranio da Lucenzio sun tsaya).

"Tranio:
Ina rokon ka, yallabai, ka fada min idan zai yiwu
cewa soyayya ba zato ba tsammani tana da ƙarfi sosai.

"Lucenzio:
Ah, Tranio, har sai na ga cewa gaskiya ne,
Ban taɓa gaskanta yana yiwuwa ko mai yuwuwa ba.
Saurara, yayin da ni, cikin rashin hankali, na dube ta
Na ji tasirin soyayya a cikin rashin tunani.
Kuma yanzu na fito fili na furta muku
zuwa gare ku, waɗanda suke da kusanci da ƙaunatacce,
kamar yadda Anne ta kasance ga sarauniyar Carthage,
cewa na ƙone, na cinye kuma na mutu don cin nasara,
Kyakkyawan Tranio, ƙaunar wannan yarinyar mai ladabi.
Ku bani shawara, Tranio; Na san zaka iya;
taimake ni, Tranio; Na san za ku yi ".

Macbeth

Yana ɗaya daga cikin sanannun masifu da bala'in marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi. Ya ƙunshi ayyuka biyar, a farkon wanda aka gabatar da Macbeth da Banquo, wasu janar-janar ‘yan kasar Scotland wadanda matsafa guda uku suka bayyana musu cewa dayansu zai zama sarki kuma mahaifin sarakuna, bi da bi. Bayan wannan taron Macbeth ya fara ci da buri sosai kuma ya cika ƙaddararsa, yana kashe sarki, abokinsa Banquo da wasu mutane da yawa a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa gadon sarauta.

Son mulki, cin amana, hauka da mutuwa sune manyan jigogin aikin. Daga karshe Macbeth ya mutu ana kashe shi, wannan bayan ya ba da sanannen sananniyar magana game da maganar banza ta rayuwa. Don haka duk annabce-annabcen sun cika, kamar yadda bala'in Girkanci ya faru.

A cikin wannan yanki tasirin Sophocles da Aeschylus akan aikin Shakespeare sun fi bayyananne. Wannan ba sabon abu bane, marubucin ya kasance mai yawan karantawa kuma mai sha'awar adabin Girka, na manyan masu fasaha.

Gutsure

"Farko na farko
(Ana jin wurin da babu kowa, tsawa da walƙiya. Kuma mayu uku sun iso).

"Na farko mayya:
Yaushe mu ukun za mu sake haduwa? Duk wani lokacin da tsawa da walƙiya suka faɗo, ko lokacin saukar ruwa?

Mayya ta biyu:
Bayan an gama cin abinci, lokacin da yaƙin ya ɓace kuma ya ci nasara.

"Mayya ta Uku:
Hakan zai faru kafin rana ta faɗi.

"Na farko mayya:
Kuma a ina zamu hadu?

Mayya ta biyu:
Daga cikin daji.

"Mayya ta uku
Can za mu hadu da Macbeth.

"Da farko mayya
Zan tafi, raggedy!

"Duk:
Wannan tsoratarwar ta kira mu… kai tsaye! Kyawawan yana da ban tsoro da kyau: bari mu tashi cikin hazo da gurbatacciyar iska.

(Sun tafi) ".

Sonnets

Shakespeare ya rubuta aladu da yawa cikin tsarin turanci tsawon shekaru. A ƙarshe aka buga su, tare da yin watsi da su, a cikin 1609. A cikin na gaba kuma an tattara cikakkiyar sigar da ta ƙunshi waƙoƙi 154.

Abubuwan da aka fara amfani da su a farko sunkai 126 ga wani saurayi wanda ba a san shi ba, wasu kuma ga wata mai duhun kai, wasu kuma ga mawaki "kishiya". An ƙaddamar da tattarawar don “Mr. WH ”, amma har yanzu ba a san shi ba, duk da cewa akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa. Abubuwan haruffa waɗanda waƙar waƙa ta yi musu waƙa, tare da rashin tabbas na sadaukarwar, suka ƙara wa asiri da takaddama game da ɗakunan saƙo da rayuwar Shakespeare gaba ɗaya.

Batutuwan da aka rufe sune soyayya, sanin mutuwa, son dangi da kyau. Koyaya, yana yin hakan ta wata hanya daban da magabata da na zamanin. A cikin waɗannan waƙoƙin Shakespeare yana wasa da nau'ikan halayensa, yana mai daɗin daɗi da farin ciki ga saurayi maimakon mace, yana yin baƙar magana a fili da ishara ga jima'i. Hakanan wani lokacin yana canza tsarin gargajiya na sonnet na Turanci.

An fassara waɗannan saƙo a cikin kusan kowane yare kuma an sake buga su sau da yawa.

Sonnet 1

"Muna son su yada, mafi kyawun halittu,

jinsinsa, saboda fure ba zai taɓa mutuwa ba

kuma lokacin da kake balaga, yakan lalace ta lokaci

dawwamar da tunanin ka, saurayin ka magaji.

Amma ku, sadaukarwa ga idanunku masu haske,

kuna ciyar da harshen wuta, haskenku da ainihin ku,

haifar da yunwa, inda akwai yalwa.

Kai, makiyinka ne, ya zalunci ranka.

Kai, wanda ya kasance mai kamshi, adon duniya,

tuta kawai, da ke ba da sanarwar maɓuɓɓugan ruwa,

A cikin kokon ka, ka binne farin cikin ka

kuma kuna aikatawa, mai rowa mai zaki, yaduwa akan kwaɗayi.

Ka yi rahama ga duniya, ko tsakaninka da kabari,

zaka cinye alherin da wannan bashi a duniya ".