Wasannin Calderón de la Barca

Wasannin Calderón de la Barca.

Wasannin Calderón de la Barca.

Wasannin Calderón de la Barca (1600 - 1681) alama ce ta tebur a duk duniya. Marubucin ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan manyan marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin Goldenasar Sifaniya. Irin wannan rarrabuwa ana raba shi tare da manyan martabar Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega da Tirso Molina. Wasannin huɗu da aka kirkira suna da shahara a duniya, gami da ƙaramar nau'in wasan kwaikwayo, amma na ƙwarewar fasaha: autos sacramentales.

Calderón de la Barca kuma ya bambanta kansa ta wasu fuskokin tarihin rayuwa; da yawa daga cikinsu suna nunawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo. Daga cikin waɗanda za mu iya ambata: masu martaba, soja, masana, mawaƙi, mashahurin coci da kuma mashahuran mashahuran manyan al'amuran siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai. Irin wannan yanayin ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga zurfin labaran su, jimlolin su da halayen su.

Yara da saurayi na Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Haihuwa, yarinta da karatun farko

An haifi Pedro Calderón de la Barca da Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1600, a Madrid. Shi ne na uku na yara shida na aure tsakanin Diego Calderón da Ana María de Henao, dukansu asalin asali ne. Tare da shekara biyar kawai ya fara zuwa makaranta a Valladolid a ƙarƙashin kulawar kakarsa Inés de Riaño. A cikin 1608 ya shiga Kwalejin Imperial na Jesuits a Madrid.

A shekarar 1610 mahaifiyarsa ta mutu saboda haihuwa. A cikin 1614, Diego Calderón ya sake auren Juana Freyle Caldera, daga wani fitaccen dangi, kodayake tare da matsalolin kuɗi. A wannan shekarar ma saurayi ne An shigar da Pedro a Jami'ar Alcalá, amma ya katse karatunsa bayan mahaifinsa ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a lokacin 1615. A wancan lokacin, takaddama ta shari'a ta taso game da sharuɗɗan gado tsakanin uwa da yara.

Jami'ar Salamanca da aikin soja

Lokacin da Doña Juana ya sake yin aure a 1616, an bar 'yan'uwan Calderón ƙarƙashin kulawar kawunsu, Andrés González de Henao. A halin yanzu, matashin Pedro Calderón de la Barca ya shiga cikin Jami'ar Salamanca. A lokacin 1619 ya kammala karatun digiri a cikin kundin tsarin mulki da kuma dokar farar hula.

Koyaya, ba a nada shi firist ba (kamar yadda mahaifinsa mai iko zai so) kuma daga 1922 ya zaɓi shiga soja. Lokaci ne mai wuya, domin shi da 'yan'uwansa an tilasta musu su sayar da dukiyoyinsu don su rayu. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Pedro Calderón ya zagaya Flanders da arewacin Italiya yayin kamfen yaƙi daban-daban a cikin sabis na Constan sanda na XNUMX na Castile.

Farkon wasan kwaikwayo

A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 1623, an fara gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko da aka sani, Loveauna, girmamawa da iko, a yayin ziyarar Charles, Yariman Wales. Bayan kammala balaguron aikin soja a 1626, Pedro Calderón de la Barca ya iya sadaukar da kansa cikakke ga abubuwan kirkirar adabinsa. Koyaya, ta riga ta fito Yahuda Maccabeus da sauran ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa tare da kamfanin Juan Acacio Bernal.

Halaye na ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Calderón de la Barca

Aiki mai fadi da bambanci, yana da wahalar tsari

Aikin Calderón de la Barca yana da manyan fasali na yawa da bambanci. Jagora tsari da yanayi a cikin dogon zango wanda ke tattare da sarkakkiyar tunani. A cewar José María Díez Borque, "Idan hadawa da kuma bayyana zane-zane na daga cikin manyan ka'idojin ilmin kimar Baroque, a Calderón (shi ma mai tarawa kuma masanin zane-zane) ana ɗaukarsa zuwa ga sakamakonsa na ƙarshe."

A sakamakon haka, tsarawa da rarraba ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na masaniyar Madrid babban aiki ne mai ban tsoro, idan aka yi la’akari da dumbin halittarta. Dangane da asusun da kansa yayi watanni kafin mutuwarsa, Calderón de la Barca ya samar da comedies ɗari da goma, sacramentales tamanin da ba a san adadin sauran wasannin gajere ba.

Formula "lopesca"

Mashahuri mai suna Lope de Vega ya kirkiro samfurin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya bayyana yanayin baroque na ƙarshen 1630th da farkon ƙarni na XNUMXth. Zuwa XNUMX, Lope de Vega ya riga ya yaba da ƙwarewar Calderón de la Barca don ƙwarewar iliminsa da haɗakarwa da kiɗa. Musayar da aka yi tsakanin ƙattai ya haifar da ƙirƙirar "dabara ta lopesca" wacce ta fi wadataccen kayan fasaha, tsabtace daga abubuwan waƙa waɗanda basa aiki sosai kuma tare da ƙananan al'amuran.

Hakanan, an rage adadin haruffa, yayin da aka haɓaka makircin a kusa da jarumi guda ɗaya. Ga Calderón, kaunarsa ta zanen tana wakiltar wani muhimmin mahimmin abu wanda ke haɗar da kamanci, maganganu, da fahimtar duniya. Kamar zane-zanen Baroque, littafi mai tsarki, tatsuniyoyi, jigogin tarihi da kuma mahimmancin yanayi yayin halittar allahntaka suna yawaita cikin aikin sa.

Pedro Calderon de la Barca.

Pedro Calderon de la Barca.

A wannan ma'anar, ayyukan Pedro Calderón de la Barca za a iya rarraba su kamar haka (wasu sunaye sunaye):

  • Wasan kwaikwayo: Likitan girmamawarsa; Mai zanen wulakancinsa; 'Yar iska.
  • Mai mahimmanci da sitcoms: Rayuwa Mafarki ne; Magajin garin Zalamea.
  • Comedies na kotu: Dabbar, walƙiya da dutse; Echo da Narcissus.
  • Swashbuckling makonni: Uwargidan goblin; Babu zolaya cikin soyayya.
  • Motocin hadaya: Babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya; Zanga-zangar bangaskiya.

Yanayin aiki

Gaskiyar tarihi game da haruffa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Calderón kusan tsayayye ne. A daidai gwargwado ba su da ma'anar mutum ta halitta, don suna cike da magana, magana, da rashin fahimta. Manyan mata mata an saka hannun jari tare da iko mai nagarta, tare da kyawawan halaye na maza.

Ta hanyar kwatantawa, halayyar maza na Calderón suna nuna zurfin halayyar mutum. Wasu, kamar Don Gutierre de Likitan girmamawarsa, sam basu da hankali saboda kishin su. Suna wakiltar adadi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin masifu na Calderonian, cike da rikice-rikice, shubuhohi da sakin fuska. Sauran haruffa, kamar Segismundo ko Don Lope Figueroa, suna daga cikin kundin tarihin da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba.

Rage polymetry

Calderón de la Barca ya daidaita tsarin "lopesca formula" zuwa tsarin adabi wanda yafi maida hankali akan tsari mai ban mamaki. A saboda wannan dalili, yana hada baitin waka ta hanyar canza ayoyinsa zuwa octosyllables, hendecasyllables kuma, lokaci-lokaci, heptasyllables. Yana yawan amfani da antitheses, metaphors, and hyperbole domin ya jaddada kyawun harshe.

Addinin Addini

Calderón ya nuna kyakkyawan umarni na lafuzza mai cike da misalai, fasali, adawa, wargajewa da tarin abubuwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin jimlolinku na iya bayyana akai-akai don bayyana fifikon ra'ayin a cikin mahallin. Hakanan, a yawancin alamun wasan kwaikwayon nasa alamun alamomin falsafar Neoplatonic da albarkatu kamar horoscope da annabce-annabce sun bayyana don haifar da tsammanin (ƙarya) a cikin masu sauraro.

Ultungiyoyin asiri

Tabbatar da dalilan jarumai, walau abin yabo ko karkatattu - laifuka saboda kishi, alal misali - sun bayyana da dabaru mara kyau, amma ba a yarda da dabi'a ba. A wannan bangaren, a cikin maganganun Calderón na wasannin metatheatrical sun mamaye kusan irin wannan zuwa kusancin juna. Wato ma'ana, sake rubutawa da abubuwanda wasu marubutan suka rubuta ko kuma nasa kansa yawanci ne ta hanyar hankali.

Bangaren addini

Cakuda tsakanin ka'idodi masu tsarki da abubuwan da basu dace ba wani bangare ne na asalin addinin mutane a lokacin Baroque. Bugu da kari, Calderón din horon Jesuit ya bayyana a taken taken San Agustín da Tomás de Aquino, da kuma falsafar sa ta Neoplatonic. A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Calderón, wani nau'i na murabus yana da matsala sabanin ikon da yake bayyane da ingancin ayyukan ɗan adam.

Allah da mutum

Bangaskiya ga Allah lamari ne da babu kokwanto game da shi wanda ke tabbatar da kusancin al'amuran rayuwa da na hankali. Saboda haka, allahntaka ana yin la'akari da shi ta hanyar abubuwa huɗu na duniya kuma ba shine dalilin wahalar ɗan adam na duniya ba. A cikin ayyukan Calderón de la Barca, girmamawa, 'yanci da halayyar ɗabi'a sun bayyana fuskantar haɗama, hassada, kishi da rikice-rikicen Oedipal.

Zuwan masifu masu ban tausayi

A tsakiyar 1640s, jerin abubuwa sun faru waɗanda suka sake tunanin rayuwar Calderón de la Barca. Na farko, mutuwar Sarauniya Isabel del Borbón da Yarima Baltasar Carlos sun samar da ƙa'idodi biyu na rufewa (na shekara ɗaya da uku, bi da bi) na comedies. Daga baya, mutuwar 'yan'uwansa José (1645) da Diego (1647) sun jefa Calderón cikin mummunan damuwa.

Motocin sacramental

A cikin 1646 an haifi ɗansa mai ilimin halitta, Pedro José. Shekaru biyar bayan haka an nada shi a matsayin firist kuma a 1653 ya sami shugabanci na Sabbin Sarakunan Toledo. Don haka, Calderón ya ba da fifiko ga rubutun na Autos sacramentales, salon wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke da alaƙa da tunannin tauhidi da ƙwarewar gani.

Kalmomi daga Pedro Calderón de la Barca.

Kalmomi daga Pedro Calderón de la Barca.

Kodayake ya ci gaba tare da ƙungiyar comedies, autos sacramentales ya mamaye yawancin halittunsa har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1681. A zahiri, halittarsa ​​ta ƙarshe ita ce saduwa ta atomatik Lamban rago na Ishaya, ya cika kwanaki biyar kafin rasuwarsa.

Ayyuka na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Calderón de la Barca

  • Daji mai rikitarwa (1622).
  • Loveauna, girmamawa da iko (1623).
  • Schism na Ingila (1627).
  • Gida tare da kofofi biyu, mara kyau shine kiyaye (1629).
  • Uwargidan goblin (1629).
  • Yarima mai jiran gado (1629).
  • Band da fure (1632).
  • Abincin Sarki Belshazzar (1632).
  • Abun sihiri (1637).
  • Babban dodo a duniya (1637).
  • Likitan girmamawarsa (1637).
  • Masoya biyu na aljanna (1640).
  • Sirrin budewa (1642).
  • Mai zanen wulakancinsa (1650).
  • Magajin garin Zalamea (1651).
  • 'Yar iska (1653).
  • Babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya (1655).
  • Hattara da ruwan tsayayyen (1657).
  • Echo da Narcissus (1661).
  • Ateaddara da lamba ta Leonido da Marfisa (1680).

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  1.   Jose Manuel Serrano Valero m

    Rubutun akan Calderón de la Barca cikakke ne kuma mai ban sha'awa. Ya taimaka mini sosai in san shi sosai. Godiya