Summary na The Iliad

Tushen Homer

Tushen Homer

A cikin 1870, Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann, ɗan kasuwan ɗan kasuwa ɗan asalin Prussian kuma masanin ilimin kimiyyar ɗan adam, ya jagoranci balaguron gano gawar Troy. Don haka, kasancewar birnin da Homer in Iliyasu, daya daga cikin shahararrun wakokin almara na kowane lokaci.

Wuri: Hissarlik, wani tudu da ke kusa da tashar Dardanelles (Turkiyya). Yakin da ya kai ga halaka birnin Trojan ya faru a can. ta Mycenaean Greeks a kusa da shekara ta 1250 BC Sa'an nan, Helenawa da Romawa sun mamaye yankin ta hanyar da ba ta ƙare ba har zuwa s. XIII AD Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk abin da aka sani game da birni na almara ya fito ne daga haruffan Homer.

Wanene Homer?

Duk da kasancewar daya daga cikin fitattun sunayen adabin adabi, masana tarihi ba su gama cimma matsaya a kusa ba Homero. Dalili: ba shi yiwuwa a sani da tabbaci ko ya rayu ko a’a, tun—har yau—ba a tattara tabbataccen tabbaci na wanzuwarsa ba. Don haka, bincike da yawa sun kammala cewa a gaskiya marubuta da yawa ne na wancan lokacin.

wasu kwararru a tarihi sun tabbatar que wakokin Homer mara mutuwa -Iliyasu y Da odyssey- tarin al'adun Helenawa na d ¯ a. Ko ta yaya, almara yana nuni ga makaho mawaƙi na ƙarni na takwas BC, wanda aka haife shi a wani birni na tsohuwar Girka. (Masu yiwuwa yankunan su ne Argos, Athens, Colophon, Smyrna, Ithaca, Chios, Rhodes, ko Salamis.)

Muhimmancin Iliad

Da fari dai, ana ɗaukar tsohuwar al'ada da fasaha ta Helenawa a matsayin tushen bayyanar dukkan al'adun yammacin duniya. Don haka, Wakokin almara na Homer suna wakiltar taga sufanci wanda ya ba da damar wayewar zamani ta sani aesthetics, fasaha da al'adun tsohuwar Girka.

A wata ma'ana ta musamman. Iliyasu yana gabatar da yaƙi a cikin ingantacciyar hanya ta hanyar bambancin archetypes (Achilles, Hector, Andromaca) ... Wannan makircin haruffan da ya fito a wancan lokacin ya dawwama a cikin adabi har yau. Bugu da ƙari, gaskiyar cewa ana yaɗa ta baki daga tsara zuwa wani tsawon ƙarni da yawa, yana haɓaka mahimmancin wannan almara.

Juzu'i na Iliad

Canto III

"Iris kuwa, ga Helen da fararen hannaye, ya zo da manzo, zuwa ga ɗaya daga cikin surukarta irin wannan, wanda Helicaon, ɗan Antenor, ya yi wa matarsa, Laodica, ta fuskarta mafi girma. ya bambanta daga cikin 'ya'yan da Priam ta haifa.
Ya same ta a fādarta, inda ta saƙa wani babban alkyabba mai launin shuɗi, da alkyabba biyu, wanda a kanta ta yi ado da ɗimbin ayyuka na trojans, da doyan karnuka, da sulke na Akaya da sulke na tagulla. hannun Ares.

Tsaya

Abubuwa

Iliyasu ba ta ƙunshi duk abubuwan da suka faru da suka shafi yaƙi tsakanin Troy da Girka ba. Ya kamata a tuna cewa Rikicin ya fara ne bayan jirgin Helenawa don tafiya tare da Paris, yarima na Troy. Wannan tserewar ya fusata Menelaus, wanda ya roƙi taimakon ɗan’uwansa Agamemnon—sarkin Mycenae—ya kai hari birnin da Sarki Priam yake sarauta kuma ya ceci matarsa.

Annobar

Yayin da yakin ya shiga shekara ta goma, Hellene suka mamaye birnin Chrysa. A cikin wannan kwasar ganima, shugabannin Achaean sun yi garkuwa da kyawawan ‘yan mata guda biyu a matsayin kyaututtuka. A gefe guda, Agamemnon ya ɗauki Chryseis, yayin da Achilles - wanda aka kwatanta shi a matsayin jarumi mafi kyau, ƙarfi da sauri a cikin duka - ya kama Briseis.

Sannan Rikici — firist na Crisa, mahaifin Criseida kuma mai bautar Apollo—ya roƙi a banza don a mai da ’yarsa ga sarkin da aka ambata a baya. A fuskar kin. mai addini ya roki taimakon allahn rana, wanda ya aiko da annoba ta beraye zuwa sansanin Girka. Ba da daɗewa ba, mai gani Calchas ya annabta cewa annobar za ta kasance har sai an saki budurwar da ake magana.

Fushin Achilles

Achilles kumburi

Achilles kumburi

Bayan ya mika wuya ga bawansa. Agamemnon ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar Briseis. A cikin rikice-rikice, Achilles ya fusata kuma ya zaɓi ya bar sansanin (tare da amincewar Zeus). Har ila yau, gunkin ya nemi taimakon mahaifiyarsa, allahiya Tethys. Wannan ya shiga tsakani a tsagaita wuta tsakanin Girkawa da Trojans godiya ga shiga tsakani na Zeus. Amma ba da daɗewa ba Trojans sun karya yarjejeniyar.

Duel

Babban allahn Olympus ya bayyana a cikin mafarki ga Agamemnon don tsauta masa cewa ya ci gaba da mamayewa na Troy. Lokacin da yakin ya sake komawa, Paris ta ba da shawarar duel ga Menelaus, ya karba. A halin yanzu, Agamemnon da Hector, sarkin Trojan mai kula da kare birnin, sun yarda cewa wanda ya ci nasara zai zauna tare da Helen kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin wanda ya lashe dukan yakin.

Helen da Priam sun kalli yaƙin daga bangon birnin har sai da Menelaus ya ji rauni a Paris. A wannan lokacin, Aphrodite ya shiga tsakani don ceton na ƙarshe kuma ya bar shi lafiya a ɗakinsa tare da Helena. A cikin layi daya, Zeus ya kira sauran alloli na Olympus tare da manufar kawo karshen rikice-rikice da kuma hana lalata Troy.

Tasirin alloli

Hera - matar Zeus - ta yi adawa da sulhu da gaske saboda tsoma baki na allahn soyayya (wanda ta ƙi). Don haka, allahn tsawa ya aiko athena don karya tsagaita bude wuta. Don haka, allahn hikima ta shawo kan Pandarus ya harba Menelaus da kibiya. Ta haka aka sake yin tashe-tashen hankula.

A bangaren Hellenic, wahayi (da Athena) Diomedes ya kashe Pandarus kuma ya kusan kashe Aeneas, ba don tsoma bakin Aphrodite ba.. Duk da haka, allahn sha'awar ya kuma ji rauni, wanda ya sa Ares ya kutsa. A halin yanzu, Hector ya tara mata da yawa a cikin katangar Troy don kwantar da hankalin Athena ta hanyar addu'a.

daraja

Héctor ya tsauta wa ɗan’uwansa Paris don ya daina yaƙin kuma ya mayar da shi bayan gari. Da zarar an shiga fagen fama. Hector ya nemi duel wanda babu wani dan Girka da ya yi karfin hali ya amsa a farkon lamarin. Sai Menelaus ya ba da kansa, amma Agamemnon ya hana shi yaki. A ƙarshe, an zaɓi Ajax ta hanyar caca don fuskantar mai kula da Trojan.

Bayan sa'o'i da yawa na fada, babu mai nasara tsakanin Hector da Ajax, a gaskiya ma, mayaƙan biyu sun gane ƙwarewar abokin hamayyarsu. A lokacin fafatawar. Helenawa sun yi amfani da damar gina katanga don kare jiragen ruwa a bakin teku.

Trojan Advance

Zeus ya bayyana nasarar nasarar Trojans kuma ya annabta mutuwar Patroclus, dan uwan ​​​​da kuma abokin Achilles. Hakika, Trojans sun kewaye sansanin Hellenic kuma suna da dama mai kyau na nasara tabbatacce. Duk da tabarbarewar yanayin sojojin Girka da kuma gaskiyar cewa mafi kyawun mayakan Hellenic sun sami rauni, Achilles ya sake tsayayya da fada.

Bugu da ƙari, Zeus ya roƙi alloli kada su yi amfani da kowane bangare. Saboda wadannan dalilai. Patroclus ya tambayi Achilles don samun makamai don jagorantar sojojin Hellenic, ko da yake na karshen ya gargade shi da kada ya wuce gona da iri. Duk da haka, tsohon ya yi watsi da gargaɗin - wanda ya ƙarfafa shi da nasarar da ya samu wajen kawar da makiya da yawa - kuma ya mutu a hannun Hector (wanda Apollo ya taimaka).

Dawowar Achilles

Hector ya kwace makaman Achilles daga gawar Patroclus. Bayan ƴan mintuna kaɗan, an yi yaƙi mai zubar da jini a jikin waɗanda aka ci nasara da su saboda Achaean sun so su dawo da shi don ba shi girmamawar jana'izar. Lokacin da Achilles ya sami labarin abin da ya faru, mahaifiyarsa Thetis ta ƙarfafa shi., wanda ya ba shi sabon makamai domin ya yanke shawarar sake yin yaƙi.

Bust na Helen na Troy

Bust na Helen na Troy

Sojojin Trojan, suna tsoron dawowar Achilles, sun so su fake a bangon birninsu, amma Hector ya ce a shirye yake ya fuskanci aljani. Kafin nan, Zeus ya nuna wa alloli cewa za su iya shiga tsakani don goyon bayan bangaren da suke so. Tabbas, Athena, Hera, Poseidon da Hamisa sun zaɓi Achaeans, yayin da Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares da Artemis suka goyi bayan Trojans.

Ramawa

Allolin sun zo fada da juna alhalin Sojojin karkashin jagorancin Achilles marasa tausayi da rashin nasara sun tilasta janyewar Trojans. A ƙarshe, Hector ya fuskanci aljani bayan ƙoƙarin tserewa daga gare shi tare da kariyar gajimare da Apollo ya aiko. A kowane hali, an jefa mutuwa: An kashe Hector dan Thetis.

Sannan Achilles ya ɗaure gawar Hector a kan karusa ta idon sawunsa. kuma ya ja shi kewaye da ganuwar Troy a ƙarƙashin firgicin kallon Andromache (matar mamacin) da Priam. An dauki tsawon kwanaki tara ana zaluntar gawar bayan bikin wasannin jana'izar bayan da aka kona Patroclus.

Tausayi

Allolin sun fusata kan ayyukan Achilles kuma sun ƙarfafa Priam don kai hari sansanin Achaean. A can, Sarkin Trojan ya roki a mayar da gawar dansa domin a yi jana'izar da ta dace; Achilles ya yarda. Bayan haka, Allah da sarki sun yi jimamin rashin 'yan uwansu tare. Labarin ya rufe tare da harajin da aka yiwa Hector a Troy.


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