Wakokin Rubén Darío

"Poemas Rubén Darío" shine ɗayan bincike da aka fi sani a Google, kuma ba a banza ba, gwanin wannan mawaƙin sananne ne. Marubutan an haife shi ne a Metapa, Nicaragua, a Janairu 18, 1867. Ya zama sananne a Latin Amurka saboda waƙarsa - baiwa da ya nuna tun yana ƙuruciya-, kodayake shi ma ya yi fice a matsayin ɗan jarida da diflomasiyya. Félix Rubén García Sarmiento shine cikakken sunan sa; ya dauki sunan mai suna Darío saboda ta haka ne aka san membobin gidansa, "los Daríos."

'Yan tarihin sun nuna Salvadoran Francisco Gavidia a matsayin ɗayan manyan tasirinsu, yayin da yake jagorantar shi wajen daidaita ayoyin Alexandria na Faransa zuwa mita na Sifen. Gaskiyar magana ita ce Rubén Darío masana suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin fitaccen wakilin wakilin ilimin adabin zamani a cikin yaren Sifen kuma sunansa shi ne daga cikin manyan labaran almara na Latin Amurka da suka gabata.

Matasa

Tarihin marubucin yana da yawa sosai. Rubén ya sami horo na ɗan adam, ya kasance mai son karatu da marubuci. Tun yana dan shekara 14 ya fara buga littattafansa na farko a jaridar León; a waccan waqoqin na farko ya bayyana ra'ayinsa mai zaman kansa da ci gaba, a koyaushe yana goyon bayan dimokiradiyya. A cikin 1882 (yana da shekara 15) matashi Rubén ya yi tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa El Salvador, a matsayin mai kula da wakilan diflomasiyya.

Yana da shekara 16, ya riga ya ba da gudummawa ga jaridu daban-daban a cikin Managua. A cikin 1886 ya koma Chile don samun gogewa a matsayin ɗan jarida a cikin kafofin watsa labarai kamar Lokaci, La Libertad y Jaridar; na farko daga Santiago da na karshe daga Valparaíso. A cikin wannan ƙasar ta Kudancin Amurka ya haɗu da Pedro Balmaceda Toro, wanda ya gabatar da shi ga manyan masu ilimi, siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma waɗanda suka bar tasirinsu ga mawaƙin Nicaraguan.

Valparaíso ya kasance inda aka buga tarin wakoki Azul, waɗanda masu sukar adabi suka yaba da shi a matsayin masomin zamani. Bugu da ƙari, wannan aikin ya ba shi isasshen cancanta don zama wakilin jaridar. Ofasar Buenos Aires. Sannan, tsakanin 1889 da 1892, ya ci gaba da aikinsa na ɗan jarida da mawaƙi a yawancin ƙasashen Amurka ta Tsakiya.

Daga 1892 ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na wakilin diflomasiyyar Nicaraguan a Turai, a cikin Shekaru na Hudu na Gano Amurka. Sun kasance lokutan tuntuɓar mahaɗan bohemian na Faris. Shekara guda daga baya ya dawo Kudancin Amurka, ya kasance a Buenos Aires har zuwa 1896 kuma a can ya buga ayyukansa biyu na tsarkakewa - ma'anar zamani a cikin harshen Sifen. Da rare y Karin magana da sauran wakoki.

Aure da matsayin diflomasiyya

Relationshipsaunar soyayya da ɓacewar dangi sun nuna yawancin ilmantarwa na wallafe-wallafensa. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 23, Rubén Darío ya auri Rafaela Contreras Cañas a cikin garin Managua a cikin watan Yunin 1890. Bayan shekara guda aka haifi ɗan fari na shi kuma a cikin 1893 ya zama bazawara saboda Contreras ya mutu bayan an yi masa aikin tiyata.

A ranar 8 ga Maris, 1893 ya auri - an tilasta shi, a cewar marubutan - tare da Rosario Emelina. A bayyane yake, 'yan uwan ​​matarsa ​​ne suka kafa Rubén Darío. Koyaya, mawaƙin Nicaraguan ya yi amfani da zamansa a Madrid a matsayin wakilin jaridar Buenos Aires La Nación domin, daga shekarar 1898, zuwa madadin zama tsakanin Paris da Madrid.

A cikin 1900 ya haɗu da Francisca Sánchez a cikin babban birnin Spain, mace mara ilimi da asalin talakawa wanda ya auri farar hula kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya hudu (daya ne kawai ya rayu, Rubén Darío Sánchez, "Guincho"). Mawakin ya koya masa karatu tare da abokansa (da ke zaune a Paris) Amando Nervo da Manuel Machado.

Daga tafiye-tafiye daban-daban da ya yi ta ƙasar Spain ya tattara abubuwan da ke cikin littafin Zamanin Spain. Tarihi da hotunan adabi (1901). A wancan lokacin, Rubén Darío ya rigaya ya ba da sha'awa ga mashahuran masu kare ilimin zamani a Spain, daga cikinsu akwai Jacinto Benavente, Juan Ramón Jiménez da Ramón María del Valle-Inclán.

A cikin 1903 an nada shi Consul na Nicaragua a Faris. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya shiga cikin ɓangare na wakilan da ke kula da sasanta rikicin yanki da Honduras. Hakanan, a lokacin 1905 ya buga babban littafinsa na uku: Wakokin rayuwa da bege, swans da sauran wakoki.

Bayan haka Rubén Darío ya halarci Taron Amurka na Uku na Pan (1906) a matsayin sakataren wakilan Nicaraguan. A cikin 1907 Emelina ta bayyana a Faris tana neman haƙƙinta a matsayinta na matar aure. Don haka marubucin ya koma Nicaragua don neman saki, amma bai yi nasara ba.

Shekarun ƙarshe na Rubén Darío

A karshen 1907 aka nada shi wakilin diflomasiyyar Nicaragua a Madrid ta gwamnatin Juan Manuel Zelaya, godiya ga sanannen sa a matsayin mawaƙi a Amurka da Turai. Ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1909. Bayan haka, ya kasance tsakanin 1910 da 1913 a wurare daban-daban da kuma ofisoshin hukuma a wasu kasashen Latin Amurka.

A wannan lokacin ya buga Rayuwar Rubén Darío da kansa ya rubuta e Tarihin littafaina, Rubutun tarihin rayuwar mutum guda biyu masu mahimmanci don fahimtar rayuwarsa da kuma cigaban ilimin adabi.

A Barcelona, ​​ya rubuta tarin waƙoƙin ƙarshe na ƙarshe: Ina raira waƙa ga Argentina da sauran waƙoƙi (1914). A ƙarshe, bayan wata gajeriyar ziyara a Guatemala, ɓarkewar Babban Yaƙin ya tilasta shi komawa Nicaragua, inda ya mutu a León, a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 1916. Yana da shekaru 59.

Binciken wasu daga cikin sanannun waƙoƙin Rubén Darío

"Margarita" (A cikin memoriam)

“Shin kun tuna cewa kuna son zama Margarita Gautier?

Kafaffen tunani na bakon fuskarka shine,

lokacin da muka ci abincin dare tare, a ranar farko,

A daren farin ciki wanda bazai dawo ba

"Labban jan alharini na la'anannun shuɗi

sun shayar da shampen daga zaki mai baccarat;

yatsunku sun gano Margarita mai dadi,

< > Kuma ka san ya yi maka sujada tuni!

“Daga baya, oh, furen Hysteria! Kuka take tana dariya;

sumbatar ku da hawayenku na kasance a bakina;

Dariyarka, kayan kamshinka, korafin ka, nawa ne.

"Kuma a wani bakin ciki da yamma na mafi zaki da kwanaki,

Mutuwa, mai kishi, don ganin ko kun ƙaunace ni,

Kamar ƙarancin so, hakan ya ba ku haske! ”.

Análisis

Wannan aiki ne wanda ya samo asali daga kauna da bakin cikin rashin wani masoyi. An samo shi a Karin magana da sauran wakoki (1896). Ana ɗauka ɗayan ɗayan rubutattun matattakan zamani ne a cikin yaren Sifaniyanci, wanda ke da alaƙar nuna bambancin al'adu, yare mai daraja da tsari.

"Sonatina"

“Gimbiya tana bakin ciki… me gimbiya zata kasance?

Hankula sun kubuta daga bakinta na strawberry,

wanda ya rasa dariya, wane ya rasa launi.

Gimbiya lalatacciya a kujerunta na zinare,

madannin mabuɗin zinaren sa shiru;

kuma a cikin tulu mai mantuwa furen suma.

“Lambun ya mamaye nasarar dawisu.

Mai magana, mai shi yace banal abubuwa,

kuma, sanye da jajaye, yana jan jester din.

Gimbiya ba ta dariya, gimbiya ba ta ji

gimbiya ta bi sararin gabas

mazari yake yawo daga hayyacin sa.

Shin kuna tunanin yariman Golconda ko na China,

ko kuma a cikin jirgin ruwa dan Argentina ya tsaya

don ganin daga idanunsa zaƙin haske

Ko kuma a cikin sarkin tsibirai na wardi mai ƙamshi,

ko a cikin wanda ke da cikakken iko na lu'ulu'u,

ko girman kai mai lu'ulu'u na Hormuz?

"Haba! Yar talakawa gami da bakin hoda

yana son zama haɗiye, yana so ya zama malam buɗe ido,

da fukafukai masu haske, a ƙarƙashin sararin sama,

je zuwa rana ta ma'aunin haske,

gaishe lili da ayoyin Mayu,

ko ɓacewa cikin iska bisa tsawar teku.

"Ba ya son gidan sarauta, ko kuma keken da ke zagaye da azurfa,

ba dabo mai dabo ba, ko jan sihiri,

kuma ba swans cikin yarjejeniya ɗaya akan tafkin azure ba.

Kuma furannin suna bakin ciki ga furen farfajiyar;

Jasmin na Gabas, nelumbos na Arewa,

daga yamma dahlias da wardi daga Kudu.

"Gimbiya mara kyau tare da shuɗin idanu! ...".

Análisis

"Sonatina" kuma ya zo daga Karin magana. Yana nuna waƙoƙi tare da cikakkiyar mita, tare da ingantacciyar hanyar haɓaka hujjarku, tare da babban daki-daki akan abubuwan chromatic da abubuwan ban sha'awa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan waƙar akwai alamun adabi na Greco-Latin da kuma abubuwan gargajiya na Versailles na Faransanci waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman albarkatu don sadar da tunaninsu. Aiki ne na ba da labari tare da babban caji na motsin rai, wanda aka faɗi daga yanayin hangen nesa da mahimmancin ra'ayi na jarumar, gimbiya cike da baƙin ciki.