Haskakawa ita ce harkar al'adu wacce ta haifar da hankali. An fi saninta da Zaman Haskakawa, XNUMXth. Yunkuri ne wanda ba kawai ya canza Adabi ba, ya ƙunshi Arts, Kimiyya, Falsafa da Siyasa, da ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, kamar juyin juya halin Faransa.
A cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX da farkon XNUMX, wayewar kai ta bazu cikin dakunan masana da masu tunani da kuma taimakawa wajen inganta duniya. Duk da haka, watakila hakan ma laifinsa ne. A gefe guda, ta inganta rugujewar shingen, amma kuma an kafa wasu sababbi. A takaice dai yunkuri ne na boge.
Asalin da mahallin Haskakawa
An yi wa lakabi da Zamanin Hayewa ne saboda ya taso ne da nufin samar da haske ga ginshiƙan da ba a taɓa gani ba wanda har yanzu rayuwar siyasa da ta jama'a ta ginu a kai, inda addini ke samun fifiko. Wannan tsohuwar al'umma tana da jahilci da camfi. Tsofaffin imani, jahilci da matsayi da matsayi na soja sun ci gaba da mamaye har sai lokacin. Daga sama har kasa. Mulkin sarauta kuma babu kokwanto, domin sarakuna sun yi mulki kuma sun yi haka ne domin Allah ne ya zaɓe su.
Kuma ko da yake Wayarwa ta haɓaka sauye-sauye masu yawa, sun haifar da ci gaba wanda ya ci gaba da raba masu yanke shawara daga mutane. Saboda haka, an sake yin tunanin iko a tsaye. Sun so su yi hanyar ingantawa ga kowa da kowa, amma ba tare da la'akari da duk matakan zamantakewa ba. Saboda haka, tabbas za ta yi aiki a lokacin don cimma nasarar sauyin al'adu da zamantakewa daga baya. Don haka, karni na goma sha tara zai kawo sabbin sauye-sauye a cikin al'amuran zamantakewa daban-daban.
Madame Geoffrin's Salon (1812), zanen Charles Gabriel Lemonnier.
Ayyukan
- Haskakawa Haskaka: masu iko sun fada cikin wani nau'i na uba tare da mutane. Sun so su ilmantar da mutane ta hanyar faɗakarwar wayewa tare da tabbatar da yin abin da ya dace ga ƴan ƙasa, amma ba tare da shigar da su ba. Kuma iko ya kasance cikakke ga sarki.
- Antropocentrism: Allah ya raba mu da muhallansu.
- Kishin kasa: dalili ya rinjayi imani.
- Pragmatism da kuma sakamakon ilimin falsafa na Utilitarian. Yana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da koyarwa da mahimmancin koyan darussa kawai waɗanda za a iya aiwatar da su.
- Kwaikwayo: ƙoƙarin komawa ga marubutan gargajiya (neoclassicism).
- Akida: ta hanyar nuna nisantar kansu daga gaskiya da danyen aiki da kuma neman kayan ado, suna kuma nisantar da kansu daga mutane da ingantattun bukatunsu. Kin amincewa da shahararru ne.
- Universalism: ya koma asalin adabi da falsafar gargajiya. Abin da ke duniya ga al'adun Yammacin Turai, amma kuma bai magance ainihin halin da mutane ke ciki ba.
Haskakawa a Turai
Yin magana game da Haskakawa shine magana akan Encyclopedia (Encyclopédie) Denis Diderot da Jean le Rond d'Alembert, waɗanda ke kula da haɗin gwiwar. An kuma kira Dalilan ƙamus na kimiyya, fasaha da fasaha Nassi ne mai fadi da ke kokarin ya kunshi ilimin haruffa da na fannin kimiyya ta mahangar ma'ana.. Manyan haruffa irin su Voltaire ko Rousseau sun haɗa kai a cikin wannan rubutu. An buga shi a cikin 1751 a Faransa kuma tabbas shine aiki mafi mahimmanci na ƙarni na XNUMX.
Harshen Faransanci shine abin hawa don watsa ra'ayoyi a wannan lokacin.. An yi la'akari sosai, an rubuta manyan ayyuka cikin wannan harshe. Duk da haka, ban da Faransa, Haskakawa tana da mahimmanci na musamman a Ingila da Jamus. Turanci, Jamusanci, ko Mutanen Espanya sun cika da Gallicisms.
A cikin Littattafai, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sun kasance na al'ada: bala'i da ban dariya a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da tatsuniyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka ƙarfafa koyo ta koyarwar ɗabi'a. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin ayyuka masu zurfi sun yi magana game da Tattalin Arziki da Falsafa; Daga cikin fitattun marubutansa akwai Adam Smith (Dukiyar Kasa), Immanuel Kant, David Hume, Montesquieu, da Voltaire da Rousseau, i mana. René Descartes ko John Locke sun kasance tushen wahayi ga dukansu.
Bature kwatanta labari
Hakanan yana da kyau a ambaci sunayen sauran marubutan da suka rubuta tatsuniyoyi kuma waɗanda tare da ayyukansu su ma suka ba da gudummawa a ƙarni na sha takwas da kuma daga baya. Domin su ne ya inganta novel na zamani:
- Daniel defoe: Robinson Crusoe (1719). Sanannen labari ne na wani mutum da ya yi kusan shekaru 30 a tsibirin hamada bayan jirgin da yake tafiya a ciki ya lalace.
- Jonathan Swift: Tafiyar Gulliver (1726). Wani labari mai ban sha'awa, ƙasar Lilliput, inda aikin ya faru kuma mazaunanta, Lilliputians, sun shahara sosai.
- Laurence Sterne: Vida da ra'ayoyin mai martaba Tristram Shandy (1759) wani abu ne na al'ada wanda ya yi fice ga dabarun ba da labari da yake amfani da shi tare da kalmomin ciki da kuma tambayoyi masu ban tsoro.
- Pierre Choderlos na Laclos: Abokai masu haɗari (1782) littafi ne na al'ada.
- Donatien Alphonse Francois de Sade, wanda aka fi sani da suna Marquis de Sade: yana daya daga cikin marubutan da suka fi jawo cece-kuce a kowane lokaci. Sunansa ya yi aiki don ƙara sabuwar kalma zuwa ƙamus, bakin ciki (sifa: bakin ciki), saboda rashin tausayi na nassosinsa, da kuma hujjojinsa masu cike da karkatattun bayanai. Amma littattafansa, duk da cewa suna da cece-kuce, na ban dariya ko kuma ba tare da shi ba, su ma suna ƙoƙarin koya wa mai karatu yadda ya dace. Sun yi fice: Justine ko rashin sa'a na nagarta (1791), Falsafa akan teburin miya (1795) ko Kwanaki 120 na Saduma ko makarantar lalata An rubuta a cikin 1785, amma an buga shekaru da yawa daga baya.
hedikwata a Madrid na Royal Spanish Academy.
Haskakawa a Spain
Yanayin siyasa a Spain a lokacin rabin na biyu na karni na 1759 ya kasance kamar haka: mulkin Bourbon na Carlos III (1788-1788) da Carlos IV (1808-XNUMX). Sarakunan da babu ruwansu a cikin mulkinsu masu wayewa da ra'ayoyin ci gaban Turai mafi ci gaba ba su mamaye da isasshen ƙarfi ba. Ba kamar a Faransa ba, aƙalla. A Spain, mafi yawan koyarwar gargajiya da kuma addinin Katolika sun yi tushe sosai a cikin tunani da al'adun mutanen Spain., wanda bai taba inganta canjin ba.
Dole ne mu jira har zuwa karni na XNUMX don ainihin abdication na Carlos IV ya faru, kuma don samun daular ci gaba a Spain tare da faransanci, don mafi kyawun Mutanen Espanya su zama Faransanci kuma komai ya ƙare a ƙarshe. yakin 'yancin kai da kuma dawowar mafi girman absolutism na ƙarfe ta hannun "Mai so", Fernando VII.
A gefe guda, A cikin al'adun gargajiya, ƙirƙirar Kwalejin Royal Spanish Academy (1713) ya fito fili, tun lokacin yana da alhakin "tsaftacewa, gyarawa da ba da ƙawa" ga harshenmu., da kuma Royal Academy of Fine Arts na San Fernando (1752), Academy of History (1738) ko abin da yake a yau National Museum of Natural Sciences, a tsakanin sauran cibiyoyi na girma da daraja. Haka nan, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Tattalin Arziƙi ta Ƙasa, ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun masana da haziƙanci da wasu masu fada a ji a lokacin suka kafa, kuma ta shiga matakai daban-daban, amma ba ta yi watsi da halinta na balagagge ba.
Zanen GM de Jovellanos (1798), na Goya.
Mawallafin Mutanen Espanya na karni na XNUMX
- Fray Benito Jeronimo Feijoo (1676-1764). Sufanci na Benedictine, ya kasance babban jigo don ayyukan muqala da tunani mai mahimmanci. Muhimman ayyukansa su ne Universal Critical Theatre (1726) y Haruffa Na Malamai Da Ban Mamaki (1742).
- Gregory Maya (1699-1781). A matsayinsa na masanin tarihi mai wayewa, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a cikin rubutun tarihi kuma ayyukansa sun yi fice a kan ƙarfinsu. Babban aikinsa: Asalin harshen Mutanen Espanya (1737).
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744-1811). Baya ga rubuta kasidu daban-daban kan tattalin arziki ko noma (mahimmanci ne aikinsa Rahoton kan Dokar Agrarian), ya ba da gudummawa ga zane-zanen Mutanen Espanya na yanzu wani wasan ban dariya na yau da kullun da aka rubuta a cikin litattafai, Mai gaskiya mai laifi (1787), wanda aka tsara a cikin wannan ingantaccen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na haskakawa.
- Jose de Cadalso (1741-1782). Babban marubucin Mutanen Espanya na karni na XNUMX. Suna haskaka su Katunan Morocco (1789), kyakkyawan rubutu a cikin sigar albishir ta hanyar rundunar Mutanen Espanya da wani kyakkyawan baƙo na asalin Moroccan wanda ke ƙoƙarin koyon al'adun Mutanen Espanya masu ban sha'awa da ɗan tsatsauran ra'ayi. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci dare dare (1789-1790), waƙa ce mai ban sha'awa da ban tausayi, duk da cewa ta kusa kusa da soyayyar Mutanen Espanya.
- Juan Melendez Valdes ne adam wata (1754-1814), babban wakilin Mutanen Espanya shayari na karni na sha takwas.
- Thomas na Iriarte (1750-1791) da Felix Maria Samaniego (1745-1801) yana wakiltar tatsuniyar ilimantarwa na wallafe-wallafen Mutanen Espanya.
- Leandro Fernández de Moratin (1760-1828) shine mafi mahimmancin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na karni na XNUMX a Spain. Barkwancinsa sun yi fice Dattijon da yarinyar (1790), Ee na 'yan mata (1805), kuma sabon wasan barkwanci (1792)
Gabaɗaya an wuce gona da iri. A lokacin ba a san cewa ana rarraba hankali (iq) ba. A saboda wannan dalili, a yau mun san cewa rukuni ne na Faransanci waɗanda suka yi tunanin cewa ta hanyar lissafi mai ma'ana zai yiwu rayuwa mafi kyau. Mu yi murna a yau abin da muka sani ba haka yake ba. Mu Mutanen Hispanic ba mu da Haske. Wato an shigo da kayan kwalliya.
Kada mu yi imani da Faransa. Taba.
Hi Vladimir! Na gode da sharhinku. Lallai na yi kokarin isar da sakon cewa Wayewa ba yunkuri ba ne na kowa da kowa, kuma kamar komai, da ma an yi shi da kyau. Hakanan, Haske a Latin Amurka sun yi duhu sosai! I mana. Duk mai kyau.