Ma'auni shine ma'auni mai ma'auni wanda ke rarraba nau'ikan ayoyi da yadda ake harhada su. a cikin wani waka. Ba a rarraba su daidai da sakin layi kuma yana da mahimmanci a yi nazari akan tsarin su domin tsarin waƙar zai dogara da shi, nau'in waƙar idan yana da guda ɗaya, daɗaɗa da tsayin stanza da ayoyinsa.
Dangane da makarantar Royal Spanish Academy, ta bayyana ma'anar kalma a matsayin "kowane ɗayan sassan da aka yi da adadin baituka iri ɗaya kuma an yi oda kamar yadda wasu waƙoƙin waƙa suke". Amma ba tare da wata shakka ba hanya mafi kyau don fahimtar menene stanza ta hanyar ganin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke akwai. Muna fallasa manyan nau'ikan stanzas.
biyu
Stanza wanda ya samar da ayoyi guda biyu tare da assonant ko bak'i. Ita ce aya mafi sauƙi kuma ana iya haɗa ta cikin sauri da shahararrun maganganu.
Misali: "wanda ya ji kunya, / ba ya ci kuma ba ya cin abinci"
uku-uku
ayoyi uku na manyan fasaha (hendecasyllabic) tare da waƙar baƙar fata kuma wasu lokuta suna bayyana azaman mai cin gashin kansa a cikin babban rubutun waƙa.
Misali: «Amma na sha wahala. Na yaga jijiyoyina / damisa da kurciya a kan kugu / a cikin duel na cizo da lili” (F. García Lorca).
Sola
Rubutun baituka uku masu alaka da shahararriyar wakokin Andalus. Ƙananan ayoyin fasaha ne a cikin waƙar assonance.
Misali: «Ina da so da tausayi. / Bakin ciki yana so in rayu; / yana son in mutu” (Manuel Machado).
Quartet
Haɗa tare da ayoyin hendecasyllabic huɗu ko manyan fasaha tare da waƙar baƙar fata.
Misali: "A cikin wace mulki, a cikin wane karni, a karkashin wane shiru / haɗin taurari, a wace ranar asiri / wannan marmara bai ceta ba, wani ƙarfin hali / kuma ra'ayi ɗaya na ƙirƙira farin ciki ya taso?" (Jorge Luis Borges).
redondilla
Rukunin ayoyi guda takwas masu ma’ana guda hudu da wakokin baki (na daya da hudu da na uku da na biyu).
Misali: "Farar kurciya ta salama, / na yaki alama ce ta ƙarshe, / lulluɓe mu da hasken safiya / daina kashe kashewa".
Serventesian
Baiti hudu na baiti goma sha daya masu dauke da waka mai ma'ana; ya rera ayar farko da ta uku sannan ta biyu da aya ta hudu.
Misali: "Ni ne wanda kawai na ce jiya / ayar shuɗi da waƙar ƙazanta, / wanda a cikin darensa akwai wani ɗan dare / wanda ya kasance babban haske da safe" (Rubén Darío).
kwatankwacin
Hakazalika da redondilla, quatrain kuma ayoyi octosyllabic guda huɗu ne, amma ayoyi na biyu da na huɗu suna cikin waƙar.
Misali: «Hasken rai, hasken allahntaka, / hasumiya mai haske, fitila, tauraro, rana… / Wani mutum yana tafiya a hankali; yana ɗauke da fitila a bayansa” (Antonio Machado).
Ma'aurata
Rubuce-rubucen wakoki na ayoyi huɗu na ƙananan fasaha da waƙar azanci. Yawanci a cikin shahararrun waƙoƙi.
Misali: "Ban san abin da iska ke cewa ba, / ban san abin da teku ke cewa ba, / amma idan na kalli sararin sama / sai in fara kuka."
Seguidilla
Su ne heptasyllabic da pentasyllabic ayoyi da assonance rhyme.
Misali: "To, kuna tafiya cikin dabino, / mala'iku masu tsarki, / yarona ya yi barci, / yana da rassan" (Lope de Vega).
Sash
Ayoyin Iskandariya hudu (harbi 14) da kuma waqoqin baki. Wani nau'i ne na stanza da aka yi amfani da shi musamman a tsakiyar zamanai (ƙarni na XNUMX-XNUMX).
Misali: «Shi malami ne mai sauƙi, limamin talaka / in ji cutiano Missa de la Santa María; / Ban san yadda za a ce wani ba, na fada kowace rana, / Na san shi fiye da amfani fiye da hikima" (Gonzalo de Berceo).
limerick
Haɗin ayoyi biyar na ƙananan fasaha (octosyllables) da kuma waƙar baki. Yana iya gabatar da bambance-bambancen awo.
Misali: "Ban ma tunanin farin giya / mai shekaru arba'in yana da kyau / kamar bakinka mai kamshi: / cewa, kamar ubangijin fure, / ruwan inabi yana warin mugu" (Lope de Vega).
Quintet
Tsarin waka mai kama da limerick, amma tare da ayoyin fasaha mafi girma; waƙar kuma baƙar magana ce. Yana gabatar da bambance-bambancen limerick.
Misali: "Wata rana mahaifina, ina jin kamar yaro, / kallon baƙin ciki yana cinye ni, / tare da maganganun da kawai ƙauna ke nufi, / kaddamar da annabcin kaddara ta, / dare ɗaya mahaifina, ina jin kamar yaro" (Julián na House).
Lira
Rukunin ayoyin heptasyllabic guda biyar da hendecasyllabic tare da waƙar baki. Asalin sa Italiyanci ne kuma ana iya gano shi da sunan "rabin zama".
Misali: "Idan ƙananan leda na / na iya yin sauti sosai, cewa a cikin ɗan lokaci / zai huta da fushi / iskar ruhu, / da kuma fushin teku mai motsi" (Garcilaso De la Vega).
Sextet
Akwai ayoyi shida na manyan fasahar fasaha da waƙar baƙo. Za a iya samun bambance-bambance.
Misali: «Jeri na faretin seminarians, / riguna mara kyau kamar sopistas, / tricornes na revelry, baƙar dutse. / Garken garke alfadarai / baki da stilted, ba tare da farin ciki na aure ba, / kuma muleteer yana rera waƙar Aragonese" (Ramón del Valle-Inclan).
sextuplet
Baiti shida na ƙananan fasaha da waƙar baƙo. Kamar sextet, kuma yana iya gabatar da tsarin awo tare da bambance-bambance.
Misali: "Mai zurfi, biyayya / ga doka, kuma a cikin tausasawa / taƙaitaccen baki, murmushi / abin mamaki, da hankali, / haskakawa, marar yanke hukunci, / launin hauren giwa" (Amado Nervo).
Karshen kafa biyu
Haɗin da ake kira "copla manriqueña" na marubucin Jorge Manrique (ƙarni na XNUMX). Ya ƙunshi ayoyin octosyllabic da tetrasyllabic, kuma waƙarta tana da baƙar magana. Tsallake, don haka, gajeriyar ko ƙaramar aya mai tsayi ko babba.
Misali na ma'aurata biyu: "Ku tuna da ruhin barci, / rayar da kwakwalwa da tashi / tunani / yadda rayuwa ke wucewa, / yadda mutuwa ta zo / shiru, / yadda jin dadi ya fita, / yadda, bayan yarda , / ba da zafi; / yadda, a cikin ra'ayi, / kowane lokaci da ya wuce / ya fi kyau" (Jorge Manrique).
sarauta ta takwas
Ana kuma san shi da sunan "waƙar ta takwas". Saitin ayoyin hendecasyllabic takwas ne. Haqiqa ta takwas ta kasu zuwa ayoyi shida tare da madaidaicin waƙa da ma’aurata da ayoyi biyu na ƙarshe suka yi.
Misali: "Ni'ima ita ce mafarki lokacin da na farka mafarki / zuciyar mutum begensa, / tunaninsa yana ba da labari mai murmushi, / kuma abin da yake yanzu yana kaiwa ga gaba; / kuma bayan banner na iska da haske / na sha'awa, an ƙaddamar da ruhun / a ƙarƙashin sararin samaniya na haske da launuka, / filayen zanen furanni masu ƙanshi "(José de Epronceda).
na goma ko kashin baya
Haɗin baituka takwas masu ma'ana guda goma tare da baƙar magana.
Misali: «Mawadaci yana mafarkin dukiyarsa, / wanda ya fi ba shi kulawa; / yana mafarkin talakan da yake shan wahala / wahala da talaucinsa; / ya yi mafarkin wanda ya fara bunƙasa, / ya yi mafarkin wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi riya; / ya yi mafarkin wanda ya zalunce shi kuma ya yi laifi; / kuma a cikin duniya, a ƙarshe, / kowa yana mafarkin abin da suke / ko da yake babu wanda ya fahimci shi "(Calderón de la Barca).
Sonnet
Rukunin ayoyi goma sha huɗu na manyan fasaha (hendecasyllables), an rarraba su kamar haka: quatrains biyu da uku uku. Ya tashi a tsakiyar zamanai kuma ya yadu sosai ta cikin harshen Sipaniya.
Misali: «Kankara ce mai zafi, wuta ce mai daskararre, / rauni ne mai zafi wanda ba a iya ji dashi, / mafarki ne mai kyau, mugun halin yanzu, / hutu ne mai gaji sosai. / Kulawa ce ke ba mu kulawa, / matsoraci, mai suna jajirtacce, / yawo a tsakanin mutane, / ƙauna kawai don a so. / Yana da 'yanci da aka daure, / yana dawwama har zuwa parasis na ƙarshe, / cuta mai girma idan ta warke. / Wannan shi ne yaron So, wannan shi ne raminsa. / Dubi irin abota da zai yi ba tare da komai ba / wanda ke kishiyar kansa a cikin komai! (Francisco de Quevedo).
romance
Daga asalin Mutanen Espanya, ya ƙunshi adadin da ba a bayyana ba na ayoyi takwas masu ma'ana guda takwas tare da waƙar assonance (masu ma'ana) da sako maras kyau (waɗanda ba su da kyau). Jigogi sun bambanta sosai, ko da yake rubutun waƙar labari ne. Yawancin soyayya sun kai zamaninmu ba tare da suna ba.
Juzu'i na soyayya: "Daga cikin dawakai maras kyau / na Zenetes da aka ci nasara, / wanda ya bincika cikin karkara / tsakanin ja da kore, / ɗan Sipaniya daga Oran / doki maras kyau ya kama, / ta lush neighing / kuma ta wurinsa. fetlocks masu ƙarfi, / ɗaukar shi, / kuma ɗaukar Moor fursuna, / wanda shine wanda ya kama, / kyaftin na Zenetes ɗari. / A kan doki mai haske / su duka biyu suna hawa, kuma yana da alama, / tare da spurs hudu, rauni, / cewa iskoki hudu suna motsa shi. / Abin baƙin ciki ƙararrawa yana tafiya, / kuma a matsayin ƙasa kamar yadda zai iya / yana zubar da hawaye masu zafi / kuma yana zubar da hawaye masu zafi [...]" (Luis de Góngora).
Silva
Siffar awo wacce ayoyi daban-daban na heptasyllabic da hendecasyllabic ke bi juna (zai iya zama tsayi ko gajere). Ayoyin na iya samun waqoqi daban-daban.
Juzu'i na silva: «Zuwa tsohon elm, cleft by walƙiya / kuma a cikin rabin ruɓaɓɓen, / tare da ruwan sama na Afrilu da rana na Mayu / wasu sababbin ganye sun girma. / Elm mai shekaru ɗari a kan tudu / wanda ke lasa Duero! Gansakuka mai launin rawaya/tabo farar haushi / ruɓaɓɓen gangar jikin da ƙura. / Ba zai zama, kamar mawaƙan poplars / waɗanda suke kiyaye hanya da bakin teku ba. / mazaunan da launin ruwan dare nightingales» (Antonio Machado).