Lope de Vega: biography

Lope de Vega na ɗaya daga cikin jaruman adabi a cikin yaren Castilian. Sunansa - tare da fitattun mutane irin su Cervantes, Quevedo, Góngora da Molina, da sauransu - ɗaya ne daga cikin jaruman abin da ake kira Golden Age na Mutanen Espanya. Wannan karni (wanda a zahiri ya kasance sama ko ƙasa da haka daga 1492 zuwa 1681) ana ɗaukarsa wanda yake da mafi girman ci gaban fasaha da adabi a Spain.

Wanda ake yi masa lakabi da "Fénix de los Ingenios", ya san yadda za a yi nasarar karrama manyan sarakunan Spain na wancan lokacin duk da takaddamar da ya yi.. Bugu da ƙari, ba a sami wasu abubuwan da suka saba wa ka'idodin zamantakewar da ya shiga ba. Haka nan kuma, ya shahara da fuskokin sa a matsayin mamaya, malami, mai bincike da ƙwararrun marubuci (ya kammala rubutu sama da dubu).

Haihuwa, iyali, ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya

25 ga Nuwamba, 1562 (wasu masana tarihi sun nuna cewa ranar 2 ga Disamba ne). Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio ya zo cikin duniya, a cikin ƙirjin iyali tawali'u da ke zaune a Madrid.. Iyayensa, 'yan asalin tsaunin Cantabrian, sune Félix de Vega - recamador ta sana'a - da Francisca Fernández Flórez. Yana kuma da 'yan'uwa hudu: Francisco, Juliana, Luisa da Juan.

Bisa ga Taskar San Sebastián, an sami ƙarin ’yan’uwa mata biyu: Catalina da Isabel. A nata bangaren, Vega ta yi kuruciyarta a Seville, tare da kawunta -Mai binciken birnin Andalus - Don Miguel Carpio. Sa'an nan, ya koma Madrid lokacin da yake da shekaru goma don fara koyarwa mai gata a Colegio Imperial.

Jaririn bajinta

El Phoenix of Wits Ya kasance yaro mai haske sosai; Tun yana ƙarami ya riga ya iya karanta Mutanen Espanya da Latin (ban da fassarar karshen). A lokacin shi ma ya kammala rubuce-rubucen sa na farko (musamman barkwanci irin su Makiyayin Hyacinth, alal misali). Bayan haihuwarsa ta goma sha biyar, ya fara karatun sakandare a Jami'ar Alcalá.

Matashi mai rai, ɗalibi na har abada

A 1678 mahaifinsa ya rasu; to, Felix ya nuna halin tawaye da kuma ya gudu - tare da Hernando Muñoz, aboki na kud da kud - na gidan iyali. Duk da irin wannan "fuskar ɗan damfara", har yanzu yana ɗokin neman ilimi. Don haka, ya zurfafa iliminsa a fannin lissafi da ilmin taurari a ƙarƙashin kulawar Juan Bautista Labaña, babban masanin falaki Philip II.

Bugu da kari, Lope ya koyi Arts na Liberal tare da Juan de Cordoba, ilimin falsafa tare da Theatine kuma ya kasance sakataren Marquis na Navas.. Don faɗi gaskiya, mutuwa ce kawai ta dakatar da ɗabi'ar bincike na masu ilimin Iberia a cikin batutuwa daban-daban. Hakazalika, ya kasance mawaƙi ne mai matuƙar rauni a fili ga mata da abubuwan ban sha'awa.

soyayya da tafiya

masoyi na har abada

An san murkushe Lope de Vega na farko shine María de Aragón, tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya mace, Manuela (1581 - 1586). Kusan shekara ta 1582, marubucin ya sami dangantaka da Elena Osorio, wata mace mai aure. Duk da haka, sa’ad da ta ba da labarin rabuwar da mijinta—ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Cristóbal Calderón—a farkon shekara ta 1588, ta gwammace ta auri mai arziki.

Aikin soja da gudun hijira

A cikin 1582, marubuci daga Madrid ya koma Azores don shiga cikin aikin (wanda bai wuce shekara guda ba) daga Marquis na Santa Cruz zuwa Terceira. Daga baya, ya shiga aikin sa kai a cikin Babban Sojoji a karshen watan Mayun 1588, wannan runduna ta ci nasara a hannun mayakan Lusitania.

A ƙarshen tafiya, Lope de Vega ya zauna a Valencia tare da matarsa ​​Isabel de Urbina, wanda ya yi aure da shi a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1588. A lokacin, an riga an kore shi daga Cortes na Madrid na tsawon shekaru takwas da biyu daga Masarautar Castile. Dalilin: ya wakilci Elena Osorio a cikin wani yanki mai ban mamaki lokacin da ta fuskanci rashin jin daɗi da aka bayyana a cikin sashe na baya.

Sauran ma'aurata, masoya da zuriyar fitaccen marubucin Mutanen Espanya

Isabel de Urbina ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu: Antonia (1589 - 1594) da Teodora (1594 - 1596); Haihuwar ta biyu ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mahaifiyarta. A cikin 1598, Lope ya sake yin aure - don dacewa, a cewar wasu masana tarihi - Juana de Guardo., wanda ya mutu ta haihu a 1613. Jacinta (1599), Carlos Félix (1606 – 1612) da Feliciana (1613 – 1633) an haife su ne daga wannan auren.

A halin yanzu, Vega ita ce masoyin Doña Antonia Trillo de Armenta da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Micaela de Luján. Tare da mai fassara ya haifi 'ya'ya aƙalla biyar (masu tabbatattu): Ángela, Mariana, Félix, Marcela da Lope Félix. Wani sanannen abokin aikin marubucin shine Marta de Nevares, kuma sakamakon wannan dangantakar an haifi Antonia Clara. Bugu da ƙari, an san yara biyu waɗanda ba a san ainihin mahaifiyarsu ba:

• Fernando Pellicer;
• Fray Luis na Uwar Allah.

Aikin da aka rubuta

Kamar sauran marubutan zamaninsa, Lope de Vega ba tare da hakki ba ya tsunduma cikin duk nau'ikan adabi tare da nasara a bayyane. A gaskiya ma, kafin ya kasance shekaru 30, ya riga ya kasance sanannen hali a yankin Iberian. A wannan batun, Cervantes ya cancanci shi a matsayin Da galatea a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi mashahuri masana'antun a Spain.

Mafi kyawun maganganun Lope de Vega

• Arcadia (1598), littafinsa na farko, ya ƙunshi kasidu da yawa a cikin yanayin makiyaya;
• Mahajjaci a kasarsa (1604), labari na Byzantine;
• A cikin makiyayan Baitalami (1612), littafin fastoci mai yawan waqoqin sacramental;
• Da Dorotea (1632); Rubutun karance-karance tare da tatsuniyar wakoki mai faɗi inda ya gabatar da abin da ake kira nau'in celestinesco (wanda ya samo asali daga wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan adam).

Kalmomin Lope de Vega

Mawaƙin haifaffen Madrid ya zana abubuwa da yawa a lokacin da ake haɗa waƙoƙin sa kuma daidai da kiyasin salo daban-daban. A dalilin haka, a cikin aikinsa akwai dakin ma'aunin culterana (Luis de Góngora ya rinjayi) kuma, a cikin layi daya, don shahararrun waƙoƙi. Sai dai kuma wajibi ne a fayyace cewa ya kasance mai kare “aya karara”.

Haka kuma, a cikin waƙarsa yana yiwuwa a sami kasidu masu yawa tare da sautin labari wanda zai iya haɗa da ɓacin rai. A daya bangaren kuma, mawakin kasar Sipaniya bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen amfani da mitoci da nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin gajeren wakoki nasa. A ƙasa akwai jigogin da Lope de Vega ya bincika a cikin dogayen waƙoƙinsa (tare da wasu misalai):

• almara: Dragontea (1598), Gatomachy (1634);
• Addini: Isidro (1599), mamaye Urushalima (1609), soyayya soliloquies (1626);
• Tatsuniya: Andromeda (1621), The Circe (1624).

Shahararrun gajerun waqoqin Lope de Vega

• Waƙoƙi (1602);
• Waƙoƙin alfarma (1604);
• ballad na ruhaniya (1619);
• Nasarar Allahntaka tare da sauran waƙoƙin tsarki (1625);
• Wakokin ɗan adam da allahntaka na lauya Tomé de Burguillos (1634);
• Vega na Parnassus (1637), wanda aka buga bayan mutuwa.

Wasu wakoki na Lope de Vega

"daga Andromeda"

Daure da teku Andromeda kuka,
Nacres suna buɗewa ga raɓa.
cewa a cikin harsashi suna murƙushe a cikin gilashin sanyi.
cikin lu'u-lu'u masu gaskiya da aka sayar.

Ya sumbaci kafa, duwatsun suka yi laushi
ƙasƙantar da teku, kamar ƙaramin kogi.
juya rana zuwa bazara bazara,
yana tsaye a zenith dinsa yana tunani.

Gashi ga iska mai zafi.
su rufe ta da su suka roke ta.
tunda shaida na daya ya ce,

da kishin ganin kyawun jikinta.
Nereids sun nemi ƙarshen su,
cewa har yanzu akwai masu hassada da masifa.

"Oh, kauda kai"

Oh, kaɗaici mai ɗaci
na kyawawan Phillies,
korar da aka kashe sosai
na kuskure nayi mata!

shekaruna suna girma
a cikin wadannan duwatsun da kuka gani.
wanda ke shan wahala kamar dutse
Yana da kyau a zauna a cikin duwatsu.

Oh sa'o'i na bakin ciki
yaya daban nake
wanda kuka ganni!

Da wane dalili nake yi maka kuka,
tunanin matasa
cewa a farkon shekaruna
Kusa da ƙarshe kun yaudare ni!

mummunan hoton hannu,
lokaci mai canzawa ka sanya ni
ba suna ba su san ni ba
ko da yake a hankali kalle ni.

Oh sa'o'i na bakin ciki
yaya daban nake
wanda kuka ganni!

Wasikar ta kasance mai tuhuma,
cewa a fili da duhu hidima,
don kada a shafe shi duka,
a sama an sake rubutawa.

Wani lokaci ina tsammanin ni wani ne
har sai ciwon ya gaya mani
wanda ke shan wahala sosai
kasancewar wani ba zai yiwu ba.

Oh sa'o'i na bakin ciki
yaya daban nake
wanda kuka ganni!

"Mutum mai mutuwa"

Mutumin da kakannina suka haife ni,
iska gama gari da haske daga sama suka ba.
kuma muryata ta farko hawaye ne,
ta haka ne sarakuna suka shigo duniya.

Kasa da wahala sun rungume ni.
tufa, ba fata ko gashin tsuntsu ba, sun nannade ni.
da bakon rayuwa suka rubuto min,
kuma sa'o'i da matakai sun kirga ni.

Don haka na ci gaba da ranar
an kama rai dawwama.
cewa jiki ba kome ba ne, kuma ba ya yin kome.

Mafari da ƙarshe suna da rai.
saboda kofar kowa daya ce.
kuma bisa ga shigar da fitarwa.

Wasan kwaikwayo

Masanin ilimin Madrid ya kasance mai kirkire-kirkire na gaskiya a fagen wasan kwaikwayo na Sipaniya. Daga cikin tushe guda uku na tsarin -aiki, lokaci da wuri-, Lope ya ba da shawarar mutunta na farko ne kawai don tabbatar da gaskiya. Maimakon haka, ya ba da fifiko ga abubuwa marasa hankali, ban tausayi da ban dariya game da tarihin tarihi da wuri, musamman a cikin tarihinsa.

,Ari, da yawa da ayyukan Wasan kwaikwayo na Lope de Vega suna nuna gardama ta hanyar ƙauna da girmamawa. Haka nan, ya ja hankalin masu sauraro iri-iri (masu fada aji, talakawa, jahilai...) godiya ga dabarar makircinsa guda biyu, daya tsakanin masu kudi da sauran tsakanin bayi.

Wasu misalan jigogi na yau da kullun

swashbuckling comedies

• matar banza;
• Belisa's gingerbreads;
• Azabar masu hankali;
• The mu'ujiza jarumi;
• Estefania mara dadi;
• So ba tare da sanin waye ba;
• Karfe na Madrid.

gwargwado guda

• Matasan Roland;
• Marquis na Mantua.

Addini

• Halittar duniya;
• Dinah ta fashi.

Tarihi

• Against darajar babu wani bala'i;
• Mudarra bastard.

Manufofin

• Tauraron Seville;
• Ovejuna Fountain;
• The Knight na Olmedo.

Matakin karshe na rayuwarsa

Tsakanin 1598 zuwa 1599, marubucin ya yi aiki a matsayin sakatare don samun abin rayuwa saboda an hana gidajen wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar sarauta. Na farko, ya bauta wa Marquis na Malpica, sannan Marquis na Sarriá. A cikin 1607, Lope ya fara aiki ga Duke na Sessa, Don Luis Fernández de Cordoba. wannan ya sanya shi zama abokin gaba kuma amininsa. A cikin waɗannan shekarun ya yi kwanakinsa tsakanin Madrid da Seville.

A 1608, masu hankali na Spain ya fara hanyarsa zuwa matsayin firist. Dangane da, ya shiga ikilisiyar bayin Allah mai albarka kuma a cikin tsari na uku na Saint Francis.

A wannan shekarar ya sami gida a yanzu Calle Cervantes (sai Calle de Francos). A nan ya zauna har mutuwarsa. ya faru ranar 27 ga Agusta, 1635.