Littattafai daga Benito Pérez Galdos

Lokacin da mai amfani da Intanet ya aiwatar da binciken "Benito Pérez Galdós littattafai" sakamakon nan da nan shine yawancin ayyukan wakilci na Mutanen Espanya Realism. Har ila yau, godiya ga ta Wasannin kasa ya shiga cikin tarihi tare da rarrabe "Tarihin tarihin Sifen". Saboda haka, Benito Pérez Galdós ɗayan sunaye ne da ba makawa a cikin tarihin adabin Sifen.

Gadon sa ya kasance a tsayi na "jarumai" na haruffan Castilian kamar su Miguel de Cervantes, Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos ko Pedro Calderón de la Barca, da sauransu. Baya ga tarihin, Galdós ya kasance ingantacce kuma mai kirkirar kirkirar litattafai, fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma marubucin abubuwa da yawa masu ban dariya.

Rayuwar Benito Pérez Galdós

Haihuwa da yarinta

An yi masa baftisma da sunan Benito María de los Dolores, an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1843, a Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Shi ne ɗa na goma na aure tsakanin Sebastián Pérez Macías (kanar na sojojin Spain) da Dolores Galdós Medina. Ya yi karatun firamare a Colegio de San Agustín, wata cibiya wacce ke da ingantaccen tsarin koyarwa a lokacinta.

Matasa

A lokacin da ya samartaka sai ya fara ha] a kai da bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da ya scathing shayari, makala da labarai da jaridun gida. Ya samu ya aramin digiri, a 1862, sai ya samu shi a La Laguna Institute a Tenerife. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, an tura shi zuwa Madrid don yin karatun doka. Ko da Ya kasance dalibin jami'a mara da'a, tare da halin barin kansa daga ajujuwa.

Menene ƙari, matasa Galdós ya kasance mai son ziyartar allon talla na babban birnin tare da yawaita tarurrukan wasu 'yan kasar sa. Hakanan, a jami'ar ya yi abota da Francisco Giner de los Ríos, wanda ya kafa Institución Libre de Enseñanza, wanda ya rinjayi shi da Kiristanci. Hakanan, ya yi abota ta kud da kud da shi Leopoldo Alas, Clarin.

Ayyukan farko da farkon aikinsa na wallafe-wallafe

Tun daga 1865, Galdós yayi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida don La Nación, Muhawara El da kuma Jaridar Motsa Ilimi a Turai. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya zama wakilin a baje kolin Duniya a Paris. Ya dawo daga Faransa a 1868 tare da ayyukan Balzac da Dickens (waɗanda ya fassara). A cikin layi daya, ya samar da tarihin aikin jarida game da rubuta sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki bayan darewar Isabel II.

A 1870 ya buga Maɓuɓɓugar Zinare, littafinsa na farko; magabata na Trafalgar (1873), farkon na Wasannin Kasa. Kafin rasuwarsa - wacce ta faru a ranar 4 ga Janairun 1920 - ya shiga harkar siyasa kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Adabi. Amma tsarinsa na hana cin zabe ya haifar da kaurace wa takararsa ta bangarorin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na al'ummar Sifen.

«Benito Pérez Galdos littattafan», binciken da aka daɗe ana jira

Masana Ilimi galibi suna tattara ayoyin Benito Pérez Galdós cikin hawan keke. Kowannensu yana nuna canjin ilimi da haɗakar kayan marubucin Canarian. An bayyana littattafan wakilin da ke wakilci a takaice a ƙasa kuma an ambaci taken da ya dace da kowane mataki.

Tsarin zagayowar litattafan rubutu

Cikakkiyar mace (1876)

Kuna iya siyan littafin anan: Cikakkiyar mace

Galdós ya bayyana sukar sa game da tsari, wuce gona da iri da munafuncin ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX tare da mai ba da labari: Doña Perfecta. Bazawara ce da ke zaune a Orbajosa, wani yanki ne da ke nuna cewa "zurfin Spain", karkara ne. Har ila yau, Uwargidan tana son kiyaye ikon dangi ta hanyar aure tsakanin ɗan dan uwanta Pepe Rey da 'yarta Rosario.

Rashin jituwa tsakanin Pepe da mazaunan Orbajosa a bayyane suke, musamman tare da innarsa da kuma Don Inocencio, firist ɗin ƙauyen. Tunda ya girma a cikin yanayin da ya ci gaba (Katolika, amma yana ci gaba sosai don lokacinsa). Duk da waɗannan yanayi, jan hankali mai ƙarfi ya tashi tsakanin Pepe da Rosario ... wanda ya ƙare cikin wahala.

Jerin litattafan litattafan Galdós:

• Maɓuɓɓugar Zinare (1870).
• Inuwa (1870).
• The m (1871).
• Gloria (1876-77).
• Marianela (1878).
• Iyalin Leon Roch (1878).

Ciclo de la materia (littattafan Spanish na zamani)

Fortunata da Jacinta (1886-87)

Kuna iya siyan littafin anan: Fortunata da Jacinta

Fortunata da Jacinta An buga shi cikin juzu'i huɗu tsakanin Janairu zuwa Yuni 1887. Ana ɗauka ɗayan ɗayan litattafai na alama - tare da Hakimin, daga Clarín- na haƙiƙanin wallafe-wallafe da kuma na dukan ƙarni na XNUMX a Spain. An gina makircinsa ne kusa da ƙawancen ƙaunar kiyayya tsakanin manyan jaruman ta biyu. Tsarin labarinta yana ƙayyade ta motsin rai.

A gefe guda, akwai Fortunata, kyakkyawar budurwa sananne a garin ta. Tana da hankali da ƙarfi, duk da haka, wannan ƙarfin da yake bayyane ya ƙare yana wasa da ita. Abokiyar aikinta ita ce Jacinta, mace mai saurin jan hankali, wacce dabi'arta ta uwa ta zama katalinta na ceto daga nuna wariyar al'umma.

Jerin litattafan litattafan galdós

• Rashin gado (1881).
• Abokin tawali'u (1882).
• Likita Centeno (1883).
• Azaba (1884).
• Ku zo da (1884).
• Wanda aka haramta (1884-85).
• Celín, Tropiquillos da Theros (1887).
• Meow (1888).
• Wanda ba a sani ba (1889).
• Torquemada a kan gungumen azaba (1889).
• Hakikanin Gaskiya (1889).

Tsarin ruhaniya (littattafan Mutanen Espanya na zamani)

Rahama (1897)

Kuna iya siyan littafin anan: Rahama

Rahama Yana da littafi na tara na goma sha ɗaya wanda ya haɗu da ruhun ruhaniya na marubucin Canarian. Kodayake wannan taken ɗayan fitattun matani ne na Galdós, bai yi tasiri sosai ba bayan buga shi a cikin sassa biyu a cikin Rashin Rashin Gaskiya y Mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Har zuwa ƙarshen 1920s wannan littafin ya karɓi bugu na biyu kuma ya fara karɓar cancanta da cancanta.

A cikin wannan labarin, Galdós ya shiga cikin “ɗayan Madrid”. Wannan sashen na duniyar underworld cike da mutane marasa gida, cututtuka da wahala. Akwai, Benina, da baranya wanda taurari a cikin labarin - zato - shi ne rungumi Allah rahama da tausayi. Koyaya, labarin yana dauke da ma'ana mai zurfin biyu (kuma ana rigima a wancan lokacin) daga kanun labarai.

Jerin litattafan litattafan ruhaniya na Galdós

• Mala'ikan Yaƙi (1890-91).
• Tristan (1892).
• Mahaukaciyar gidan (1892).
• Torquemada akan giciye (1893).
• Torquemada cikin tsarkakewa (1894).
• Torquemada da San Pedro (1895).
• Nazarin (1895).
• Halma (1895).
• Kaka (1897).
• Casandra (1905).

Zagayar litattafan tatsuniyoyi

Wannan zagaye na Galdós ya haɗa da taken biyu: Jarumin sihiri (1909) y Dalilin rashin hankali (1915). A cikin duka ya motsa daga jigogi da haɗin karni na sha tara na abubuwan da ya gabata. Maimakon haka, Spanish marubucin farfado wani ado da cewa hadawa abubuwa na zamani tare da sassa da cikakken mafarki da mafarkai.

Wasannin kasa

Kuna iya siyan littafin anan: Wasannin kasa

Tarin Wasannin kasa maida hankali ne akan arba'in da shida littattafan tarihi, wanda aka yi tsakanin 1872 da 1912. An shirya waɗannan matani a cikin jeri biyar waɗanda suka ƙunshi tarihin Spain daga Yaƙin Spain na Samun 'Yanci zuwa Maido da Bourbon. Saboda wannan babban jerin, Galdós ya cancanci samun matsayin Chronicler na Spain.

Hakanan, Galdós ya koyi cikakken bayanin yaƙe-yaƙe daga Na mahaifinsa (wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin sojojin Sifen). Haka kuma, marubucin ya kasance mai ba da labari na farko ga Maido da Bourbon, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar daren dare na San Daniel (1865) da kuma tashin hankali na 'yan sanda na barikin barikin San Gil (1866).

Jerin farko

• Trafalgar (1873).
• Kotun Charles IV (1873),
• Maris 19 da Mayu 2 (1873).
• Bailen (1873).
• Napoleon a cikin Chamartín (1874).
• Zaragoza (1874).
• Girona (1874).
• Cádiz (1874).
• Juan Martin mai taurin kai (1874).
• Yakin Arapiles (1875).

Jerin na biyu

• Kayan Sarki Yusuf (1875).
• Memoirs na wata majami'a daga 1815 (1875).
• Na biyu gashi (1876).
• Babban Gabas (1876).
• 7 don Yuli (1876).
• 'Ya'yan Dubu dari na Saint Louis (1877).
• Ta'addancin 1824 (1877).
• Mai aikin sa kai mai idon basira (1878).
• Manzanni (1879).
• Moreaya daga cikin masana kuma wasu ƙananan friars (1879).

Jerin na uku

• Zumalacarregui (1898).
• Mendizabal (1898).
• Daga Oñate zuwa Gona (1898).
• kokawa (1899).
• Gangamin Maestrazgo (1899).
• Mai sakon soyayya (1899).
• Vergara (1899).
• Duwatsu na Oca (1900).
• Ayacuchos (1900).
• Bukukuwan aure (1900).

Jerin na hudu

• Guguwar shekara ta 48 (1902).
• Narvaez (1902).
• Goblins na shirin (1903).
• Juyin juyi (1903 - 1904).
• O'Donnell (1904).
• Aita Tettaouen (1904 - 1905).
• Carlos VI a cikin Rapita (1905).
• A cikin duniya a Numancia (1906).
• Prim (1906).
• Wanda yake da makoma mai bakin ciki (1907).

Jerin na biyar

• Spain ba tare da sarki ba (1907 - 1908).
• Spain mai ban tsoro (1909).
• Amade I (1910).
• Jamhuriya ta Farko (1911).
• Daga Cartago zuwa Sagunto (1911).
• Canovas (1912).