Gaskiya labari: abin da yake da kuma halaye

Gaskiya a Spain ta bayyana a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. Ƙungiya ce ta fasaha wacce ƙayataccen ɗabi'a ce ga (nufin) nuna gaskiya da gaske. Dangane da, litattafai na gaske sun gabatar da abubuwan da ke nesa da yanayin rayuwa a cikin marubutan na magabata na yanzu, Romanticism.

Haka ne, an gabatar da tsarin adabin da aka ambata, da kuma na gaba, akasin haka. A saboda wannan dalili. Halittar Haƙiƙanci wani ɓangare ne na juyin halitta na shawarwarin jigogi na lokacin soyayya (musamman Costumbrismo). Wannan sauyi ya fara ne daga labarun da ke tattare da batun magana zuwa ga labari wanda yanayin tarihi da zamantakewa ya fi dacewa.

Halin Haƙiƙanin Faransanci

Abubuwa

Fitaccen masanin tattalin arziki Enrique Fuentes Quintana 1924 - 2007 bayyana a El País (1988) dalilan koma bayan Spain dangane da kasashe irin su Ingila ko Faransa bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu na farko. Musamman ma, Quintana ya yi nuni da kariyar harajin da ya wuce kima, rashin yin gyare-gyaren noma, kasuwa na cikin gida da ake tsare da shi, da raunanan sassan ketare, da shiga tsakani na jihohi.

Wannan yanayin kuma ya bar al'ummar Iberian a baya a fagen fasaha-hankali. Don waɗannan dalilai, yanayin avant-garde da ya bayyana a Yammacin Turai a cikin ƙarni na 1840 ya bayyana kansu bayan shekaru goma ko biyu a Spain. Irin wannan lamari ne na Realism, wanda ya fito a Faransa a kusa da 1850 kuma yana da tasiri maras tabbas akan adabin Mutanen Espanya daga XNUMX.

Siffofin Gaskiyar Faransanci

• Masu zane-zane da sadaukarwar zamantakewa da siyasa;
• Hanyoyi da suka nemi su nuna "jigon da aka gane a gaban idanu" maimakon wakilcin yanayi;
• Matsayi mai mahimmanci na daukar hoto a cikin masu fasahar filastik;
• Matsayi mai nisa daga jarumtaka, wasan kwaikwayo ko abubuwan da ba na dabi'a ba;
• Kin amincewa da tsarin neoclassical ko na soyayya (wanda masu fasaha da masu hankali suka bayyana a matsayin ƙarya).

Manyan marubutan Mawallafin Haƙiƙanin Faransanci da wasu daga cikin fitattun ayyukansu

• Stendhal (1783-1842): Ja da baki (1830), Gidan Gida na Parma (1839);
• Honoré de Balzac (1799 - 1850): Dan wasan barkwanci, da batattu yaudara (I, 1837; II, 1839; III, 1843);
• Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880): Mrs. Bovary (1857), Ilimin tunani (1869), Jarabawar San Antonio (1874);
• Emile Zola (1840-1902): Bar (1877), Jamusanci (1885).

Ya kamata a lura cewa ana daukar Zola daya daga cikin mafi girman ma'anar Halitta, wanda, bi da bi, ana ganinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Realism.. A wannan batun, Hakimin (1885) -wanda aka la'akari da mafi girman aikin Leopoldo Alas Clarín- ya gabatar da fasali na jigo da ginin haruffan da aikin marubutan da aka ambata a sashe na baya ya rinjayi.

Hakazalika, babban ɓangaren littattafan Benito Pérez Galdós -wani daga cikin "tsari" na Gaskiyar adabin Mutanen Espanya - yana nuna tasirin marubutan Gallic na gaskiya. A cikin ƙarin, siffofin labarun da aka gada daga Costumbrismo (wanda ya kasance tare da na Romanticism) sun zama mafari ga marubuta na gaskiya.

Abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi waɗanda ke nuna asalin Realism a Spain

A cikin shekarun 1869 da 1870, abubuwan da suka faru da yawa sun faru don asalin Spain a matsayin ƙasa. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan Shahararrun marubutan Iberian lokacin sun yi bitarsu ko ishara da su kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a wancan lokacin sun zo a kasa:

• 1865: Tawayen Daren San Daniel (Afrilu 10) da kuma tashin hankalin sajan na San Gil bariki (22 ga Yuni);
• Juyin Juyin Halitta na 1868 (Satumba 19 – 28);
• Gudanar da Dimokuradiyya (Satumba 1868 - Disamba 1874);
• Haihuwa da faduwar Jamhuriyyar farko (Fabrairu 1873 – Janairu 1874);
• Bourbon maidowa (1874) da kuma ƙaddamar da Tsarin Mulki na 1876.

Littafin labari na ainihi na Mutanen Espanya

Definition

Ita ce wacce ake yi a Spain a tsayin Haƙiƙanin Haƙiƙa a matsayin motsin fasaha da ya mamaye. Don haka, Babban manufarsa ita ce ta wakilci muhalli, al'umma da kuma al'adu ta hanya mai kyau da manufa. Hakazalika, da gaske ya mai da hankali kan bayyani rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma yanayin bourgeoisie a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX.

Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi nuni da cewa an ƙarfafa halayen littafin littafin Mutanen Espanya na gaskiya a cikin shekara ta 1880. A lokacin. Shahararrun marubuta kamar Juan Varela ko Emilia Pardo Bazán - ban da Galdós da Clarín da aka ambata - sun zaɓi salon da ya fi ɗanyen da abin dogaro. Irin wannan matsayi na ci gaba ya haifar da kin amincewa da sassan al'umma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.

Ayyukan

• Ya tsaya kamar a nau'in bayyana da'awa da sukar zamantakewa;
• Duk da kasancewar ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da al'ummar bourgeois, labari na gaske yayi aiki don kama sha'awar sabuntawa da ci gaban jama'a a cikin gama gari;
• Bayyanar niyya don kwatanta rayuwar yau da kullun akan tituna, ba tare da extenuating ko manufa jimloli;
• Yana fallasa bambance-bambancen ’yan siyasa, da dambarwar tarbiyyar malamai, karyar al'umma, dangantakar mutane da son abin duniya;
• Gina haruffa tare da bayanin martaba na tunanin mutum, jiki da halayen mutum na kowa, tare da lahani da kuma sabani. Babu wani abu da zai yi da ƙwararrun jarumai da jaruman marubutan soyayya;
• Mai ba da labari ya san kowane dalla-dalla game da jaruman: baya, rauni, halin yanzu, tunani da mafarkai. Sau da yawa yanayin da suke zaune a ciki ya shafe su kuma, saboda haka, yawanci suna fuskantar wulakanci da kasawa;
• Marubutan sun ba da mahimmanci ga adadi na mata da kuma zuwa ga al'ummomi sama da daidaitattun kimantawa;
• Tarihin rashin son zuciya ya zama mai mahimmanci;
• Marubuta sun shiga halin yin bincike da tattara bayanai domin a fayyace labari kamar yadda zai yiwu ga gaskiya;
• Mai ba da labari ya gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin shaida, ba tare da yarda da ra'ayinsa ba kuma tare da hangen nesa mai nisa;
• Daidai da sanin halin mai riwaya, zaren ba da labari yana nuna bacin ran wasu yanayi kuma yana neman jagorantar mai karatu a wasu (game da mahimmancin wasu al'amura da/ko haruffa, misali);
• Tattaunawar da aka ayyana ta tsanani;
• Amfani da madaidaicin harshe, ba tare da zance ba kuma ya dace da al'adun kowane hali, don haka, ba baƙo ba ne ga maganganun ƙazanta a lokacin da mahallin ya buƙaci shi, tare da maganganun kalmomi, kalmomi da kalmomi na waje;
• Tsarin labari na layi, tare da ingantaccen farawa da ƙarewa, inda tsalle-tsalle na lokaci ke faruwa da wuya (ko a'a). Ko da yake akwai banda: amfani da analepsis don taimakawa wajen fahimtar a halin da ake ciki;
• Yadawar abin da ake kira thesis novels, wanda a ciki. marubucin ya ba da hujjar yawaitar ra'ayoyinsa game da batun yanki na gama gari.
• Marubuta na gaskiya koyaushe suna ƙoƙarin kada su rasa wani dalla-dalla a cikin shimfidar wuri da saitunan ciki (ado, gine-gine, aesthetics da rabbai na sarari, da sauransu). Haka abin ya faru da haruffa: ishara, harshen jiki, yanayi, bayyanawa...

Marubuta litattafai na zahirin adabin Mutanen Espanya da fitattun ayyukansu

• Juan Valera (1824 - 1905): Pepita Jimenez , Juanita the Long ();
• Benito Perez Galdos (1843-1920): Cikakkiyar Lady (1876), Fortunata da Jacinta (1886-87) Labaran Kasa (jeri na 48 juzu'i);
• Emilia Pardo Bazan (1851-1921): Manyan fure (1883), A pazos de Ulloa (1886-87) Tales na Marineda (1892);
• Leopoldo Alas – Clarín (1852 – 1901): Hakimin (1884-85) Talkananan magana (1894), Barka da Rago (gajeren labari);
• Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (1867 - 1928): Barikin (1898), Cathedral (1903), Masu dawakai huɗu na apocalypse (1916).