Ayoyin Shaidan.
Ayoyin Shaidan littafi ne mai cike da almara na sihiri wanda marubucin Indiya ɗan asalin Birtaniyya, Salman Rushdie ya rubuta. Bayan buga shi a cikin 1988, ya zama ɗayan littattafai masu rikici a cikin tarihin kwanan nan saboda amfani da addinin Islama. A haƙiƙa, marubucin ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa Kur'ani bayyana a cikin tarihin annabi Muhammad wanda Hunayn Ibn Isḥāq ya yi bayani dalla-dalla (809 - 873).
Game da marubucin, Salman Rushdie
An haifi Ahmed Salman Rushdie a cikin dangin Kashmiri masu arziki a Bombay, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1947. Bayan ya cika shekara 13 sai aka tura shi Burtaniya don yin karatu a sanannen makarantar kwana ta makarantar Rugby. A shekarar 1968 ya sami digiri na biyu (wanda ya kware a fannonin addinin Musulunci) a tarihi a Kwalejin King, da Jami'ar Cambridge.
Kafin juyawa zuwa rubutu, Rushdie yayi aikin talla. Littafinsa na farko, Grimus (1975), ya nuna farkon aiki mai haske kamar yadda yake da rikici. Littafinsa na biyu, Yaran tsakar dare (1980) ya ba shi damar samun nasarar adabi kuma ya ba shi lambar girma. Zuwa yau, Rushdie ya wallafa littattafai goma sha ɗaya, littattafan yara biyu, a labari da kuma rubutun da ba almara ba.
Source Ayoyin Shaidan
Miguel Vila Dios (2016) yayi bayani a cikin Ayoyin Shaidan da labarin alloli uku da aka ambata a cikin Alkur'ani, asalin take. "William Muir ne ya kirkiro kalmar a tsakiyar karni na sha tara don tsara ayoyi biyu da ake zaton Muhammad ya hada a sura 53 ko na Turawa… Amma, daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da Annabi kafin tsawatarwar Jibra'ilu, Mala'ikan Wahayi ".
Wannan lamarin sananne ne a Hadisin Musulunci kamar qiṣatat-garānīq, wanda fassarar da aka fi yarda dashi shine "labarin kwanya". Vila ta sake bayyana ta a matsayin "labarin sirens", saboda tsuntsayen suna da kawunan mata. Mafi yawan masana tarihi suna nuni da Ibn Hišām (ya mutu 799) da Al-Tabarī (839 - 923) a matsayin manyan tushen Ibn Isḥāq a cikin asusunsa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Annabi Muhammad.
Takaddama ta masu ɓata lamarin
Tarihin rayuwar Annabi Muhammad na Ibn Isḥāq ne kawai aka watsa shi da baki, saboda babu wani rubutu da aka tanada. Don haka, yanayin maganarsa na wucewa daga tsara zuwa tsara na gaba yana ƙaruwa wahalar ga masu bincike don bin diddigin asusu. Nawa aka canza daga labari na asali? Kusan ba za a iya tantancewa ba.
Lamarin da kusan dukkanin malaman musulmai suka yi watsi da shi tsakanin ƙarni na XNUMX da na XNUMX; matsayin da aka samu har wa yau. Mafi yawan maganganu a cikin masu zagi shine ka'idojin musulmai na gargajiya na rashin kuskuren hotunan littafi mai tsarki wajen yada wahayin Allah. Sakamakon haka, lamarin ya kusan ɓacewa gaba ɗaya har sai Rushdie ya sake maimaita matsalar tare da littafinsa.
Rikicin na Ayoyin Shaidan
Patricia Bauer, Carola Campbell da Gabrielle Mander, sun bayyana a labarinsu (Britannica, 2015) jerin abubuwan da suka faru bayan wallafa littafin. Saboda tatsuniyoyin da Rushdie ya tona asirin ya fusata miliyoyin musulmin duniya, wadanda suka kira aikin sabo. Har ya kai ga Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini na Iran ya nemi mabiyansa su kashe marubucin da abokan aikin editansa.
Hare-haren ta'addanci da lalacewar dangantakar diflomasiyya
Mugayen zanga-zanga sun faru a kasashe kamar Pakistan. An kone kofen littafin a ƙasashen Musulunci da yawa - ciki har da theasar Ingila - kuma an hana aikin a ƙasashe da yawa. Akwai ma hare-haren ta'addanci a kan kantunan littattafai, masu bugawa da masu fassara a kasashe irin su Japan, Ingila, Amurka, Italiya, Turkiya da Norway.
Sakamakon haka, jakadun Economicungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai sun janye jakadunsu daga Iran (kuma akasin haka). Rikicin ya sauƙaƙa ne kawai a 1998 bayan Iran ta dakatar da fatawa a tsakiyar tsarin daidaita alakar diflomasiyya da Ingila. Duk da wannan, har wa yau Rushdie ya nisanci tafiya zuwa ƙasashe inda aka hana littafinsa kuma yanayin kansa bai taɓa zama cikakke ba.
Salman Rushdi.
Matsayin Salman Rushdie a cikin hadari
A wata hira da New York Times (wanda aka buga a Disamba 28, 1990), marubucin Indiya ya ce:
“A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata ina ta kokarin bayyana cewa rawar da Ayoyin Shaidan bai taba zagi ba. Labarin Jibril shine kwatankwacin yadda za a hallaka mutum ta rashin bangaskiya.
Rushdie ya ƙara,
"... mafarkin da masu muryar kuka > suna faruwa, hotunan hotunan wargajewarsu ne. An ambace su a bayyane a cikin littafin azaba da lada. Kuma cewa adadin mafarkai waɗanda ke azabtar da mai gwagwarmaya tare da hare-harensu akan addinai suna wakiltar tsarin farawarsa. Su ba wakilcin ra'ayin marubucin bane ”.
Tattaunawar da aka kirkira ta Ayoyin Shaidan, Shin ya dace?
Yana da matukar wahala a sami gamsassun iƙirari na gaskiya cikin bincike tare da asalin addini. A cikin labarinku Abin da ke damun Musulmai game da Ayoyin Shaidan, Waqas Khwaja (2004) yayi bayanin shubuha da mawuyacin batun. A cewar Khwaja, “… yana da muhimmanci a tambaya me ya sa mafi yawan musulmai ba sa iya gani Ayoyin Shaidan kawai a matsayin aikin almara na kimiyya ”.
Zai yuwu musulmai su ga layin da ke tsakanin bahasin Rushdie na barkwanci da zagi. A kowane hali, tambayoyi suna tashi waɗanda amsoshinsu suka bambanta gwargwadon tsarin ilimi da / ko ruhaniyar mai karatu. Wanene littafin? Shin bambancin al'adu ne ke haifar da dariya da tsinkaye a cikin rukuni ɗaya na masu karatu, yayin da ga waɗansu abin dariya da bidi'a?
Amsoshi daban-daban a cikin al'ummomin al'adu daban-daban
Mataki na ashirin da Karatun hadaddiyar liyafar: shari'ar Ayoyin Shaidan ta Alan Durant da Laura Izarra (2001) sun nuna mahimman batutuwan shari’ar. Masana suna jayayya: “conflicts rikice-rikice na zamantakewar al'umma game da ma'anar da ke faruwa sakamakon amsoshi daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban suka yi a cikin al'ummomin al'adu da yawa. Ko kuma ta hanyoyin karatu daban-daban a cikin yanayin karuwar kafofin watsa labarai na duniya ”.
Dabarun tallan littafin kuma na iya taimakawa wajen rura wutar rikicin Ayoyin Shaidan. Don gidajen buga littattafai suna ƙoƙari su sanya samfuran su a ƙasashen duniya a matsayin ɓangare na yaɗa kayan al'adu a duniya. Koyaya, almara na kimiyya koyaushe tana da ma'anoni daban-daban ga masu karatu gwargwadon yanayin zamantakewar su, da kuma saiti da dabi'u masu zuwa.
Takaitawa da nazari na Ayoyin Shaidan
Tsarin hadadden da shimfidar shimfidar ya ta'allaka ne kan fitattun jaruman Indiya Indiya biyu da ke zaune a Landan, Gibreel Farishta da Saladin Chamcha. Gibrieel ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne mai nasara wanda ya yi fama da cutar rashin tabin hankali kwanan nan kuma yana soyayya da Alleluia Cone, mai hawa Turanci. Saladin dan wasan rediyo ne da aka sani da "mutumin da yake da murya dubu", tare da kyakkyawar dangantaka da mahaifinsa.
Farishta da Chamcha sun hadu yayin jirgin Bombay - London. Amma wani hari da 'yan ta'addar Sikh suka harbo jirgin. Daga baya, an gano cewa ‘yan ta’addan ba da gangan suka tayar da bam din da ya tursasa jirgin. A farkon littafin, Gibreel da Saladin sun bayyana a matsayin su kadai wadanda suka tsira daga hatsarin jirgin saman a tsakiyar Tashar Turanci.
Hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyu
Gibreel da Saladin sun isa gabar tekun Ingilishi. Daga nan sai su rabu yayin da na biyu aka tsare su (duk da cewa yana da'awar cewa shi ɗan Ingilishi ne kuma mai tsira daga jirgin), da ake zargi da kasancewa baƙi ba bisa doka ba. Poor Chamcha ya girma da kumburin goshi a goshinsa kuma batun batun ne daga jami'an. An fahimta azaman bayyanar mugunta kuma ana bi da shi kamar ƙura.
Sabanin haka, Gibreel - ya lullube da mala'ika aura - ba a ma tambayarsa ba. Saladin ba ya manta cewa Gibreel bai yi masa ceto ba, to sai ya yi amfani da damar ya tsere yayin da yake asibiti. Abun takaici, rashin sa'a kamar yana damunsa, yayin da aka koreshi daga aiki. Komai yayi kamar yana tafiya ba daidai ba har sai da sa hannun Gibreel ya dawo da mutuntakar shi cikakke.
Mafarkin Gibreel
Yayin da Gibreel ya sauko, sai ya rikida zuwa mala'ika Jibrilu kuma yana da mafarkai da yawa. Na farko shi ne tarihin bita game da kafuwar Musulunci; cikakkun bayanai ne game da wannan bangare wanda Musulmai da yawa basu yarda dashi ba. Aya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin tarihi na wahayin ya ba da labarin aikin hajji na ƙungiyar masu ibada musulmai daga Indiya zuwa Makka.
Ya kamata Jibra'ilu ya raba ruwan domin bayin Allah su ci gaba akan hanyarsu, maimakon haka, duk sun nitse. A wani mafarki, halin mai suna Mahound - wanda ya danganci Muhammad - yayi ƙoƙari ya sami addini na tauhidi a tsakiyar garin mushrikai, Jahilia.
Labarin apocryphal na Mahound
Mahound yana da hangen nesa wanda aka ba shi izinin bauta wa alloli uku. Amma, bayan tabbatarwa (bayan jayayya da Shugaban Mala'iku Jibril) cewa shaidan ne ya aiko wannan wahayi, sai ya sake tunani. Bayan kwata na karni daga baya, ɗayan almajiran ya daina yin imani da addinin Mahound.
Cewa daga Salman Rushdie.
Kodayake, zuwa yanzu, mutanen Jahiliyya (a zahiri, kwatankwacin Makka ne) sun tuba gaba ɗaya. Bugu da kari, karuwai a gidan karuwai suna daukar sunayen matan Mahound kafin a rufe su. Daga baya, lokacin da Mahound ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu shine wahayinsa na ƙarshe shine ɗayan alloli uku. A bayyane yake, wannan wani yanki ne mai matukar cutarwa ga Musulmai.
Kwata da sulhu
A ƙarshe, Gibreel ya sake haɗuwa da Alleluia. Koyaya, mala'ika ya umurce shi da barin ƙaunataccensa kuma yayi wa'azin kalmar Allah a London. Bayan haka, lokacin da Farishta ke shirin fara aikinsa, sai motar wani furodusa mai shirya fina-finan Indiya ta gudu da shi, wanda ke son ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin babban mala'ika. Daga baya, Gibreel da Saladin sun sake haduwa a wata liyafa kuma suka fara kullawa juna dabara.
An warware rikice-rikicen daga ƙarshe lokacin da, ya sami damar barin shi ya mutu, Gibreel ya yanke shawarar ceton Saladin daga ginin da ke ƙonewa. Kafin haka, Salahuddin shima yayi watsi da wasu damammaki na kashe Farishta. Bayan rikice-rikice, Chamcha ya koma Bombay don sasantawa da mahaifinsa mai mutuwa.
Karma?
Mahaifin Saladin ya yi masa wasiyya da makudan kudade. Don haka, Chamcha ya yanke shawarar neman tsohuwar budurwarsa don sasantawa da ita. Ta wannan hanyar, yana musanya mawuyacin yanayinsa don da'irar gafara da soyayya. A layi daya, Gibreel da Alleluia suma sun yi tafiya zuwa Bombay. A can, a tsakiyar tsananin kishi, ya kashe ta kuma daga ƙarshe ya kashe kansa.