Litattafan Jane Austen
Jane Austen sanannen marubuciya ce a karni na XNUMX, ana ɗaukar ayyukanta na gargajiya na adabin Ingilishi. Fitaccen labarinsa shine Girman kai da son zuciya.
Austen ya kama wani salo na musammam wanda yake cike da ɗimbin rayuwar yau da kullun, da ɗabi'a kuma tare da madaidaicin kwatancen na hadisai na jama'a na wancan lokacin. Lauyoyi da yawa suna ɗauka ta marubuciya mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, duk da cewa masu sukar lamirin mata a yanzu suna ci gaba da cewa ita mai aminci ce ga mata. A shekarar 2007, an dauki rayuwar marubuci a sinima, tare da fim din: Zama Jane.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Jane Austen an haife ta ne a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 1775 a cikin ƙaramin garin Ingilishi na Steventon a arewacin Hampshire. Iyayensa sune Anglican Reverend George Austen da Cassandra Leigh. Ita ce ɗaɗɗiyar ɗa cikin yaran takwas ɗin auren, ban da kasancewarta yarinya ta biyu ta ƙungiyar. Tun da take ƙarama, Jane ta kasance kusa da ƙanwarta, Cassandra.
Iyali, ilimi da al'adar lokacin
A tsakanin jama'a, da Austen sun kasance cikin "masu hankali", ɗayan ƙungiyoyin da ke da ƙarancin matsayi a cikin masarautar. Ba su da wadataccen arziki kuma kuɗin shigar su kawai ya rufe abubuwan asasi ne, don haka yayan Jane dole suyi aiki tun suna matasa. Koyaya, ta tabbatar ta cikin wasiƙun cewa suna jin daɗin farin cikin yarinta wanda mahaifinsu ke motsa su akan ilimi.
A wancan lokacin mata suna samun ilimin boko a gida, kodayake idan dangin suna da dama, suna iya tura 'ya'yansu mata zuwa makaranta. a 1783, Cassandra ya kamata ya je karatu a waje, amma Jane ta ƙi yarda ya bar ta. A kan wannan, firist ɗin ya yanke shawarar aika su tare zuwa makarantar kwana a Oxford, amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne, tunda dukansu sun dawo ne bayan sun kamu da rashin lafiya.
A 1785, Jane da Cassandra sun halarci makarantar kwana ta Abbey a garin Karatu; amma, saboda sun kasa biyan kudin karatun, dole suka dawo. Daga nan suka ci gaba da karatunsu a gida, inda mahaifinsu ya kasance mai ba shi taimako.. Mai martaba yana da babban laburare kuma koyaushe yana motsawa al'ada ta leer a cikin rukunin iyali, saboda haka Jane ta kasance mai son karatu tun tana ƙarama.
Farkon rubutu
An kiyasta cewa Austen ya fara rubutu tun yana karami, Tabbacin wannan littattafan rubutu ne da aka yi tsakanin 1787 da 1793, wanda ya hada da gajerun labarai. An buga waɗannan ƙananan labaru a farkon karni na XNUMX, yayin da ayyukan yara suka tattara a matakai uku. Wasu daga cikin labaran da aka hada sune: "Gidan Lesley", "'Yan Uwa Uku" da "Catherine".
Novelas
Farawa a cikin 1795, Austen ta zana rubuce-rubucen littafanta na farko, wanda - bayan ta koma Chawton a shekarar 1809 - ta sake bita kafin a buga su. Na farko wanda edita ya karba shine: Ji da hankali (1811). An gabatar da wannan labarin ne ba a sani ba, kawai tare da sa hannun “By Wata Mata”. Aikin ya sami kyakkyawar karɓa daga ɓangaren masu sukar lokacin.
Bayan nasarar wannan littafin, ya buga Girman kai da son zuciya (1813), littafin labari wanda aka fara gane marubuci dashi. Bayan shekara guda sai ga haske Filin shakatawa na Mansfield (1814), wanda aka sayar da kwafinsa da sauri. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1815, marubuciyar ta wallafa aikinta na ƙarshe a rayuwa, Emma. A 1818 an bayyana ayyukansa Northanger Abbey y lallashewa.
Mutuwa
Litattafan Jane Austen ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Yulin 1817 a garin Winchester, yana da shekara 41 kawai. A halin yanzu, an ɗauka cewa mutuwarsa ta kasance ne saboda wahala daga cutar Addison. Ragowar marubucin ya saura a babban cocin Winchester.
Jane Austen litattafai
- Ji da hankali (1811)
- Girman kai da son zuciya (1813)
- Filin shakatawa na Mansfield (1814)
- Emma (1815)
- Northanger Abbey (1818) aiki bayan mutuwa
- lallashewa (1818) aiki bayan mutuwa
Jane Austen taƙaita littafin
Ji da hankali (1811)
Rayuwar Elinor, Marianne da Margaret Dashwood ya canza sosai bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa. Mutumin ya bar duk dukiyarsa ga ɗa namiji da yake da shi a cikin haɗin auren da ya gabata, John. Kodayake magajin ya rantse don tabbatar da aminci da jin daɗin mata marasa taimako, Fanny - matarsa - ta rikitar da komai. Halin ya haifar da 'yan mata dole ne motsa tare da mahaifiyarsa zuwa ƙaramin gida mai ƙasƙantar da kai.
Babban filin yana kan Elinor da Marianne, tunda Margaret yarinya ce. Daga sabon gaskiyar tattalin arzikinsu da zamantakewar su, rayuwa tana yin abin ta, kuma 'yan mata suna fara saduwa da sababbin abokai kuma suna fuskantar matsaloli da ƙarancin soyayya.
Kowane ɗayan yana ɗaukar rayuwa daban; Elinor, wanda shine mafi tsufa, yana da yawa balaga da mai da hankali. Marianne, a nata bangaren, yarinya ce mai sha’awa kuma sosai ml. Koyaya, a cikin ci gaban makircin za'a iya jin daɗin sauyawar halaye na mutanen da zasu taka rawa.
Labarin yana faruwa a ciki neman soyayya gwargwadon yadda kowane saurayi yake. Yayinda rikice-rikice na al'ada na makircin ke faruwa, 'yan uwan Dashwood sun rabu tsakanin hankali da fahimta a cikin al'adun gargajiya da burgesoisie na ƙarni na XNUMX Ingila.
Girman kai da son zuciya (1813)
A karshen Centuryarni na XNUMX, a cikin ƙauyen Ingila yana zaune da dangin Bennet, ma'auratan da 'ya'yansu 5: Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Catherine da Lydia. Saboda yanayin tattalin arzikinta da al'adun gargajiya na lokacin, uwa ta maida hankali kan nemo musu aure mai kyau. Kodayake, ya damu da Elizabeth - Lizzie - da halinta mai wahala, wanda ke da'awar ba shi da sha'awar yin aure.
Ba zato ba tsammani, isowa garin wasu mahimman samari biyu - Mr. Bingley da Mr. Darcy— ta da hankalin Uwargida Bennet, Wanda ke ganin a cikin su kyakkyawar makoma ga manyan yayansu mata, Jane da Lizzie. Daga can, dangantakar biyu ta shiga yanayi daban-daban. Makomar masu fafutuka ya rabu tsakanin son zuciya, girman kai, abubuwan ban mamaki, abubuwan sha'awa da yawan jin daɗi.
Filin shakatawa na Mansfield (1814)
Fanananan Fanny Price an karɓi ta ta wurin kawunta masu arziki: 'yar'uwar mahaifiyarsa, Lady Bertram; da mijinta, Sir Thomas. Iyalin suna zaune a gidan Mansfield Park tare da 'ya'yansu huɗu: Tom, Edmund, Maria da Julia. Saboda asalin tawali'u, budurwa yana fuskantar raini koyaushe daga heran uwanta, banda Edmund, wanda yake mata kyakkyawar mu'amala da ladabi
Wannan yanayin ya kasance na shekaru Fanny ta girma tare da wani magani na daban, kodayake godiyar ta ga Edmund ta koma soyayya ta sirri. Wata rana, Sir Thomas yayi wata muhimmiyar tafiya, wanda yayi daidai da isowar Mansfield Park na brothersan uwan Crawford: Henry da Maryamu.
Ziyarcin wadannan matasa zai jawo wannan dangin cikin rudani da yaudara daban-daban. Tsakanin soyayya, adawa da sha'awa, kawai Fanny —Daga hangen sa- na iya sanar da waɗannan barazanar barazanar.
Emma (1815)
Emma katako kyakkyawar budurwa ce mai hankali, wacce ya ɗauki matsayin manufa don shirya aure ga duk waɗanda suke kusa da shi. A gare ta, rayuwar soyayya ba fifiko ba ce, ta fi kulawa da na wasu kamfanoni.
Komai yana tafiya daidai a rayuwar Emma, har Taylor - shugabarta kuma kawarta - tana yin aure. Bayan wannan taron, halin da ake ciki tsakanin abubuwan biyu ya canza sosai, don haka budurwa Gidan katako ya shiga cikin kaɗaici mai zurfi. Koyaya, budurwar tana neman jimre da baƙin ciki ta hanyar aikinta na mai daidaita wasan.
Emma ba da daɗewa ba ta sami sabon aboki, Harriet Smith, budurwa mai kaskantar da kai. Dukda cewa yarinyar bata da babban buri, mai yin wasan ya dage kan nemo mata miji mai wadata. Koyaya, Harriet ta ƙi yarda a yi amfani da ita, wanda ya rushe shirye-shiryen Woodhouse. Gaskiyar ita ce a tsakanin rikice-rikice masu bambancin ra'ayi hade da bayyanar sabbin haruffa masu kyau, "casadora" ta kare a cikin yanayin da ba ta taba tunanin kanta ba.
