Zamanin '98 Halaye

Ta yaya abin da ake kira Generation of 98 ya samu? Don samun amsar dole ne a koma ƙarshen karni na XNUMX. A wancan lokacin, Spain wata al'umma ce da ke cikin zurfin rikicin asalin ƙasa, wanda asalinta za a iya samo shi tun daga mamayewar Napoleon. Bugu da ƙari, bayan yakin Spain da Amurka, ƙasar Iberian ta yi asarar yankunanta na ƙarshe: Cuba, Philippines, Guam da Puerto Rico.

An fuskanci wannan gaskiyar da ke da alamar koma bayan siyasa, ɗabi'a, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ƙungiyar maza ta musamman ta bayyana. Sun kasance masu tunani da marubuta da aka haifa a tsakanin shekarun 1860 zuwa 1870 kuma, saboda haka, sun kasance shekarun da za su dauki mataki a cikin 1898.. Ta wannan hanyar, Unamuno ko Azorín da sauransu, sun tayar da hanyar "kasancewar Mutanen Espanya" a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar al'adu.

Definition

A ka’ida, ya zama dole a bayyana yadda matsalar amfani da kalmar “tsara” ta kasance—a ƙarƙashin mahangar ma’anar adabi—lokacin da ake haɗa jaruman sa. Duk da haka, masana tarihi sun nuna wata yarjejeniya a kusa da Unamuno, Valle-Inclán da Pio Baroja a matsayin mafi kyawun haruffa. na saitin.

Kara, wadanne abubuwan gama gari suke da su wannan rukuni na maza masu haruffa da al'adun Mutanen Espanya? Duk da cewa ba batu ne mai mahimmanci ba, masana ilimi sukan yi la'akari da batutuwa kamar abota tsakanin da dama daga cikinsu. Haka nan, ba za a iya musantawa ba haduwar ‘ya’yan kungiyar dangane da kishin kasa -da kuma rashin bege, a wasu lokuta - ga halin kirki na Spain.

Dandalin taron wadannan mutanen

Asarar yankunan Spain ya jawo bacin rai da takaici a tsakanin marubutan XNUMXs. A bayyane yake, gaskiyar rasa waɗannan yankuna na ketare ga sabuwar al'ummar Amurka da aka kafa yana nufin wulakanci mai wuyar gaske. A lokaci guda kuma. Ayyukan waɗannan marubuta daban-daban sun nuna ƙiyayyarsu ga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da na limaman Spain na wadancan lokutan.

Wasu ra’ayoyin da ’yan zamanin suka nuna su ne ɓacin rai da rashin tunani—wataƙila—ƙarƙashin tasirin haziƙai irin su Nietzsche da Schopenhauer. Wannan matsayi na falsafa da ɗabi'a ya kasance mai yanke hukunci a tsarinsa na gaskiya da kuma nisantar shawara na Gaskiya. (a gafarta masu sakewa).

Halayen zuriyar 98

Jigo da abun ciki daga Haƙiƙanci suna wakiltar wani nau'in sabuntawa kusa da Zamani, kodayake yana da wasu abubuwa na musamman. Ko da yake alƙalami na ƙarni na 98 ba su samar da wani nau'i na wallafe-wallafe ba, yana yiwuwa a yi magana game da kayan ado na casa'in-ochist.. Ya bambanta da sauran ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar fasalulluka da aka kwatanta a ƙasa:

• Wayar hannu da ke haɗa membobin farko, wanda ake kira Group of Three, wanda ya ƙunshi Azorín, Baroja da Maeztu, tare da haɗakar da takarda. Wannan dalili ya mayar da hankali ne kan sake farfadowar Spain da kuma neman hanyar farfado da al'ummar.
• Sauran sun shiga cikin wannan rukuni na maza, suna biyan damuwa ga ƙananan ƙungiyar. Sabbin membobin sun zaɓi mafi mahimmanci batun: na ingantacciyar asalin Sifen, a kan azuzuwan masu ƙarfi da wadatar da suka bar ainihin Spain a gefe.
• Ta haka ne aka kafa ƙarni na 98 a cikin gungun mutane da suka taru a kewayen kalmar a matsayin babbar hanyar sake fasalin al'umma. Haka ne Adabin kungiyar ya tattaro ire-iren ire-iren ra'ayoyi, da'a da kuma nau'ikan adabi.
• Wata alama ta musamman ta wannan tsara ita ce cin zarafi akan nau'ikan adabi iri ɗaya da aka kafa.

Manyan jigogi na ƙarni na 98

Jose Martinez Ruiz "Azorin" (1863 - 1967)

Mawallafin marubuci, mawaƙi, marubuci, marubuci kuma mai sukar wallafe-wallafen wanda sunansa shine "Azorín" shine farkon wanda ya fara amfani da sunan "ƙarni na 98". Marubucin monovero - wanda kishin kasa mai karfi ya jagoranta - shi ma ya kasance mai matukar tasiri a harkokin siyasa. Don haka, ba abin mamaki ba ne Babban ɓangaren abubuwan da ya halitta an sadaukar da shi don bincika jigon al'adun Mutanen Espanya.

Fitattun ayyuka

• ruhin Castilian (1900)
• Nufin (1902)
• Antonio Azorin (1903)
• Ikirarin wani ɗan falsafa (1904)
• Sa'a guda na Spain 1560 - 1590 (1924).

Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1936)

Shugaban Jami'ar Salamanca ya kasance mai noma nau'ikan adabi daban-daban kuma sanannen alkalami tun daga asalinsa zuwa yau. A hakika, Basque philosopher kuma mutumin haruffa ya bincika cikin zurfin abin da ake kira "nivola". Ana iya siffanta wannan kamar haka: almarar labari mai nisa daga salo na hakika, tare da fitattun jarumai da ci gaba cikin gaggawa.

Halayen adabin da aka ambata sun bayyana a ciki Soyayya da tarbiya (1902), Fogi (1914), Abel sanchez (1917) y Anti Tula (1921). Sauran sanannun ayyukan marubucin Bilbao sun kasance Rayuwar Don Quixote da Sancho (rubutu – 1905), Kristi na Velasquez (wasika – 1920) da Saint Manuel Bueno, shahidi (labarai - 1930).

Ramon del Valle-Inclan (1866 - 1936)

Ramón María del Valle-Inclan Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi, marubuci, ɗan jarida, marubucin ɗan gajeren labari da mawallafi, kusa da Zamani kuma babban jigo a cikin adabin Mutanen Espanya. Marubucin da aka haifa a Villanueva de Arosa ya bambanta kansa ta hanyar amfani da harshe na hankali tare da racy social satire. A farkon aikinsa na fasaha ya nuna salon da alamar Faransa ta rinjayi.

Daga baya, masanin Galician ya haɓaka litattafansa da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani nau'i wanda ya kira "esperpento" ("mummunan ko tashin hankali mutane ko abubuwa). Daga cikin sanannun grotesque ya fito waje Hasken Bohemian (1920) y Horahonin Don Frijolera (1920). Haka nan littafansa kotun abubuwan al'ajabi (1927) y ranka ya dade (1928) an yabe su sosai.

Pio Baroja (1872 - 1956)

Pío Baroja y Nessi babban marubuci ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya kasance mai raɗaɗi kuma mai kare son kai. Ra'ayoyin siyasarsa sun kasance masu shakku (ya canza ra'ayinsa sau da yawa a rayuwarsa) Kuma tabbas akwai rigima. Haka nan, tsinkayar da ya yi na budaddiyar novel ya sa ya sami kiyayyar masu tsafta.

Daga cikin muhimman ayyukan marubucin daga San Sebastian akwai:

• Mummunan sako (1904)
• Itacen kimiyya (1911)
• Dare na kyakkyawan ritaya (1934)
• mawaƙin yawo (1950).

Ramiro de Maeztu (1874 - 1936)

Ramiro de Maeztu da kuma Whitney Shi marubuci ne daga Vitoria wanda ya yi fice a matsayin marubuci, marubuci, mawaƙi kuma mai sukar adabi. Har ila yau, marubucin Iberian ya kasance sanannen masanin siyasa na zamaninsa kuma mai ƙaddamar da ra'ayi na "Hispanidad". Saboda haka, sashen da aka fi nazari a cikin aikinsa ya fi mayar da hankali ne kan wannan ra’ayi, wanda ake iya gani a cikin sunayen sarauta masu zuwa:

• Zuwa wani Spain (1899)
• Don Quixote, Don Juan da La Celestina (1926)
• Tsaro na Hispanic (1934)

Sauran fitattun membobin zuriyar '98

• Isaac Albéniz (1860 – 1909); mawaki da piano
• Angel Gavinet (1865 - 1898); marubuci kuma jami'in diflomasiyya
• Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869 - 1968); philoologist, folklorist da tarihi
• Ricardo Baroja (1871 - 1953); mai zane kuma marubuci.