Edith Wharton mutane da yawa suna ɗaukarsa ɗayan mahimman istsan littattafan Amurka. Marubuciyar tana da labarai fiye da 40, tarihin rayuwa da wasu gajerun labaru abin yaba mata; har ma an buga wasu littattafan marubucin nasa bayan bayanan. Wharton yafi ba da himma ga yin littattafai da gajerun labarai, amma kuma ya rubuta littattafai a wasu fannoni kamar: ado da balaguro.
Yawancin rayuwar Edith Wharton ta kasance a Faransa, wanda ta ɗauka a matsayin gidanta na biyu. Saboda wannan, littattafansa da yawa suna Turanci da Faransanci. A cikin 1921, marubucin adabi ya buga littafinta: Zamanin Rashin laifi da abin da ya ci kyautar Pulitzer. Ya kamata a lura cewa Wharton ita ce mace ta farko mai suna: Doctor girmamawa causa ta Jami'ar Yale.
Edith Wharton Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Edith Newbold Jones a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 1862, a cikin Birnin New York. Iyayensa sune: George Frederic Jones da Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander. Godiya ga yanayin zamantakewar da zamantakewar iyalinta, Edith ta yi karatu a gida, tare da mafi kyawun malamai. Bugu da kari, Ya kasance yana da damar zuwa babban ɗakin karatu, wanda ya fi amfani dashi, tunda koyaushe yana son karatu.
Matrimonio
A cikin 1885, Edith ya auri Edward Robbins Wharton, wannan dangantakar ba ta da matsala sosai, shafi shi ta fuskoki da yawa. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1913 - tuni shekaru 28 suka yi aure - Edith ya sami nasarar rabuwa da doka ta doka, bayan dogon lokaci na rashin jin daɗi da rashin aminci da yawa daga matar.
tafiya
Daya daga cikin sha'awar Edith shine tafiya, watakila saboda tun daga shekara 3 tayi tare da iyayenta. Ya zo ya tsallaka Tekun Atlantika kusan sau 66, tunda tafiye-tafiyen sa a cikin Turai duka na yau da kullun ne. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa har ma ya daɗe a cikin tsohuwar nahiyar fiye da ƙasarsa ta asali. Kuma wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tunda rayuwa a New York tafi tsada.
Duk daya Edith ta ba da haske a cikin tarihin rayuwarta wurare masu ban sha'awa da ta sani a duk duniya. Daga cikin rukunin yanar gizon da suka fi tasiri a kansa akwai Camino de Santiago da Pórtico de la Gloria na Cathedral na Santiago; tana ɗaukarsu ɗayan mafiya ban mamaki da kyau.
Babban abokai
Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka san Edith Wharton dashi shine ƙawancen ta da mahimman mutane na lokacin. Daya daga cikinsu shine marubuci kuma mai sukar rubuce-rubuce Henry James, wanda ya keɓe wa ɗayan babi a tarihin rayuwar sa. Shi, ban da kasancewa ƙawarta, shi ne mai ba ta shawara. Sauran abokan Edith sune: Theodotre Roosvelt, Jean Coteau, Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, da Ernest Hemingway.
Wharton da yakin duniya na farko
Lokacin da ya fara la Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Edith Wharton yana kan Rue de Varenne, a cikin Paris. Abu na farko da marubuciyar ta yi shi ne amfani da tasirin da take da shi a cikin gwamnatin Faransa don ba ta damar yin tafiya ta babur zuwa fagen daga, da nufin kai kayan asibiti da hada kai a duk abin da ya kamata.
Hakazalika, ya sami kayan ado na Gicciye na ionungiyar Daraja ta gwamnatin Faransa, wannan godiya ga aikinsa a cikin Red Cross da mahimmancin aikinsa na zamantakewa. Duk waɗannan abubuwan da aka samu marubuci ɗaya ya kama su a cikin labarai daban-daban, wanda aka gabatar a cikin rubutun Yakin Faransa: Daga Dunkerque zuwa Belfort (1915).
Mutuwa
Edith Wharton ya mutu yana da shekara 75, a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 1937 a Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt a cikin ƙasashen Parisiya. Mutuwar ta faru ne sanadiyyar hatsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Gawar sa a cikin kasa mai tsarki ta Gonards a cikin Versailles.
Edith Wharton aikin adabi
Alƙalamin wannan marubuci mai ban mamaki ya samar da tarin ayyuka, tare da littattafai da yawa, labarai, rajistan ayyukan tafiye-tafiye da waƙoƙi. Wharton yana da salo na musamman da yake rarrabe, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyoyinsa tare da azuzuwan zamantakewar sama, duk da zuwa daga can. Aiki na farko wanda aka santa dashi shine Kwarin yanke hukunci (Kwarin yanke hukunci, 1902).
a 1905 buga: Gidan murna (Gidan Farin Ciki), littafin da ya ba shi shahara sosai. Ta haka ne aka fara wa Edith Wharton wani lokaci mai mahimmanci a cikin kirkirar kyawawan littattafai, kamar: 'Ya'yan itacen (1907), Madame de Treymes (1907), Ethan Frome (1911), har zuwa babbar nasararsa a 1920: Zamanin Rashin laifi, wanda ya ci nasara ga kyauta Danshi.
Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun littattafan Edith Wharton
Gidan murna (1905)
Labari ne da aka tsara a farkon karni na XNUMX a cikin New York. Labari ne na Lily bart, mace mai ilimi, haziki kuma kyakkyawa 'yar New York, wacce marayu tana da shekaru 19. Shekaru goma bayan haka ba ta yi aure ba kuma har yanzu tana zaune tare da kawunta, wanda ke kula da ita tun lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta rasu. Babban burin Lily shine ta zauna cikin manyan mutane, koda kuwa ta yanke shawara mara kyau don yin hakan.
A cikin tafiyarsa tana soyayya da sanannen lauya Lawrence Selden, wanda ba shi da kuɗi kuma shi ya sa ba ta taɓa furta ƙaunarta ba, duk da cewa ya rama. Samun abin da take so zai yi wuya, daya daga cikin dalilan ya samo asali ne saboda mummunar suna da Bertha Dorset ke gina mata, bayan da ta zarge ta da mu'amala da mijinta. Komai zai kai Lily zuwa kadaici, tana jiran wani abu da bai taba zuwa ba.
Zamanin Rashin laifi (1920)
Kamar yadda aka fada, wannan taken ya ba shi Kyautar Pulitzer. Wannan labari labari ne na soyayya wanda ya danganci triangle ɗin soyayya wanda ke faruwa a New York, a cikin shekara ta 1870. A cikin ci gaba da makircin, an bayyana abubuwan alatu da alamomin alamomi na azuzuwan zamantakewa na lokaci dalla-dalla. Manyan jaruman sa sune Newland Archer - lauya -, da saurayin sa May Welland, da dan uwan sa, Countess Olenska.
m Mutum ne mai nutsuwa wanda baya son maimaita martabar maza biyu na lokacin, kafirai da munafukai. Mai gaskiya ne ga ka'idojinsa kuma mai sukar al'adun manyan mutane.; A koyaushe yana nuna girmamawa ga Mayu, har zuwa ranar da Olenska ta dawo, kuma sauƙin kasancewarta ya sa mutumin shakkar yadda yake ji. Wannan shine yadda labari zai gudana wanda ya shafi batutuwa masu mahimmanci na wancan lokacin kuma hakan zai ƙare da canje-canje da ba zato ba tsammani.
Waiwaye (1934)
A cikin 1934, Edith Wharton ta buga tarihin rayuwarta. A cikin aikin ya gane cewa ya rayu zuwa cikakke kuma yayi bayani dalla-dalla game da yarintarsa, samartakarsa da shekarunsa (sai dai suna da alaƙa da aure). Marubuciyar ta faɗi yadda ta aiwatar da duk abin da ta ke so: karatu, rubutu, tafiye-tafiye da kuma aikin zamantakewa. Bugu da kari, ya fahimci darajar ado a rayuwarsa.
Yankin adabi a rayuwar Wharton yana da mahimmin mahimmanci a tarihin rayuwarsa. Bayyana ayyukan ayyukansu da wahayi waɗanda suka sa suka ƙirƙira su an bayyana su. Bugu da kari, yayi magana game da gogewarsa a WWI da kuma haɗin gwiwar da ya ba da dama ga mabukata. Wani abin birgewa a cikin taken shine manyan kuma abokan kirki waɗanda Edith Wharton take dasu yayin rayuwarta, wanda ta sadaukar da wani ɓangare na aikin.