Amfanin mara amfani

Amfanin mara amfani. Bayyana, littafi ne daga farfesa kuma masanin falsafa dan kasar Italia Nuccio Ordine. Jordi Bayod ne ya fassara shi zuwa Sifaniyanci kuma gidan buga littattafai na Acantilado ya buga shi a shekara ta 2013. Yana yin magana mai mahimmanci game da sake batun batutuwan ɗan adam a cikin ilimin jama'a. Da kyau, a ra'ayin marubucin Calabrian, ƙaddamar da ilimin ilimi da fannonin fasaha ana fifita su ne don ayyukan "fa'ida".

Manazarta adabi kamar su Miguel Guerra (2013) daga Jami'ar Zaragoza sun kasance masu ƙarfin gwiwa wajen tallafawa hanyoyin da suka ƙunsa Amfanin mara amfani. Guerra ya bayyana, "... ta kowane shafinsa tabbas zaku sami labari, tsokaci, abin dubawa wanda ya tabbatar da bukatar yada wannan littafin." Aikin Ordine yana bayyana wuraren da ake ganin suna tabbatar da ingancinsu kowace rana.

Game da marubucin, Nuccio Ordine

Nuccio Ordine an haife shi a Diamante, Calabria, ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1958. An dauke shi hukuma a kan Renaissance da al'amuran Giordano Bruno na yanzu. A halin yanzu yana koyar da Adabin Italia a Jami'ar Calabria. Hakanan memba ne mai girmamawa na Cibiyar Nazarin Renaissance ta Italiya a Jami'ar Harvard da Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.

Hakanan, Ordine ɓangare ne na ma'aikatan haɗin gwiwa a yawancin Amurka (Yale, New York) da Turai (EHESS, École Normale Supérieure Paris) jami'o'i., Cibiyar Jami'ar Paris, da sauransu). An fassara ayyukansa zuwa fiye da harsuna 15. Shi ma marubuci ne na Sunan mahaifi Corriere de la Sera kuma darektan sanannen tarin Renaissance a Naples, Turin da Milan.

Don shiga cikin mahallin, guntu na aikin

"A cikin duniyar amfani, a zahiri, guduma ta fi darajar waka, wuka fiye da waka, tsananin baƙin ciki fiye da zane: saboda yana da sauƙin karɓar tasirin kayan aiki yayin da yake da wuya a fahimci abin da za a iya amfani da kiɗa, adabi ko fasaha.

«Shafukan da ke biye ba da'awar ƙirƙirar rubutun kwayoyin halitta ba. Suna nuna rabe-raben da suka yi wahayi zuwa gare su. A saboda wannan dalili ma taken -Manifesto- na iya zama kamar bai dace ba kuma ba shi da buri idan ba a sami hujja da ruhun mayaka da ke rayar da wannan aikin ba.

Tsarin aikin

Tun daga farko, marubucin ya bayyana kwarin gwiwar rubuta rubutun, wadanda suka danganci ruhin gwagwarmaya. A lokaci guda, Ordine ya fayyace cewa asalinsa ba don fadada rubutaccen rubutu ba ne, saboda haka, labarinsa ba manufa bane kuma ba cikakke bane. Yana amfani da kwatancen da aka samo daga matani daga lokuta daban-daban waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin wani tsarin abubuwan da suka gabata don ba da hujjar hujjarsa daga Amfanin mara amfani.

Fasali ukun

Littafin ya kasu kashi uku:

• Na farkon ya zurfafa cikin fa'idar adabi da sauran fasahohi marasa amfani.
• Na biyu an sadaukar da shi ga kyakkyawan canji wanda ya haifar da fa'idar koyarwa, bincike da al'adu.
• Babi na uku ya rushe sakamakon cutarwa na "ruɗin" mallaka a kan martaba homalis. A matsayin rufe (cikakke), an fallasa wata makala ta Ibrahim Flexner.

'Yan Adam a cikin karni na XNUMX

A cikin gabatarwar Amfanin mara amfani, Masanin ilimin Italiyanci yayi cikakken bayani game da makircin jari-hujja a ilimin yanzu. A cikin wannan mahallin, ana shirya shirye-shiryen ilimi da kasafin kuɗi na minista tare da yin watsi da al'adun mutane. Da kyau, yankuna ne na kyauta da keɓaɓɓen asali, sun rabu da "aikace-aikacen da suka fi amfani" kuma masu fa'ida.

Sabanin haka, ilimin ɗan adam ya wuce gina ruhu kawai. Godiya ga yanayin rashin son kai, wadannan suna da mahimmanci ga cigaban wayewa da cigaban al'adun bil'adama. Bugu da kari, Ordine ya kare cewa halayyar ilimin hadadden ilimi ba za a iya nuna son kai ba ta hanyar mayar da ilimin da ba shi da amfani da / ko kasuwancin.

Tausayi da hankali

Ordine baya son nuna ɗan adam sama da duk sauran ilimin. Maimakon haka, yana bayanin ainihin mahimmancin kimiyya, batutuwa na fasaha, da kuma gasa. Koyaya, ya nace cewa har ma fannonin ilmi suna da ƙarin darajar, sun sha bamban da na mercantilist. Sabili da haka, duk fannonin halittar mutum za a iya daidaitasu lokaci guda zuwa ga tunani mai mahimmanci da tausayi; basu kebanta ba.

Amfani mai amfani na adabi

A cewar Wilson Enrique Genao a cikin Littafin rubutu na Ilimin Jami'a (2015), marubucin ya ɗauki tunanin tunani na "malamai kamar Vincenzo Padula" don kare rubutunku. “Ara “mawaka da marubuta kamar Ovid, Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Dickens, García Lorca, Márquez. Kuma masana falsafa kamar Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Michel Montaigne, Martin Heidegger da Paul Ricoeur… ”.

Ta wannan hanyar, yana nuna mahimmancin karanta manyan masanan adabi ba tare da maida hankali kan samun wata fa'ida ko takamaiman umarni ba. Ordine yayi jayayya cewa babbar manufar waɗannan karatun ilimin falsafa shine wasa. Koyaya, gudummawa dangane da wayewar kan ɗan adam da zurfin tunani abar ƙaryatuwa ce, wanda ke wakiltar mafi wuyar bayani.

Kyauta vs. amfani

Da yake fuskantar tsohuwar ma'anar amfani da akida da akida, Ordine ya ba da kimar yaudara, manufa da ɓata gari. Gratuity yana adawa da ra'ayin Heiddiengger na mutum, wanda, rayuwar yau da kullun ta mamaye shi, yana haifar da wanzuwar da babu launi. Wato kenan - ba tare da ya aukawa jari hujja kai tsaye ba - marubucin ya yi nuni ga tsarin ilimi wanda ke kirkirar inji ba tare da rai ba.

Mutumin da ba shi da lokaci don yin tunani a kan "abubuwa marasa amfani" ɗan fursuna ne na bukatun kansa, kasancewarsa ba tare da rayuwa mai dadi ba. Masanin falsafa na lu'u-lu'u ya kammala babin farko ta hanyar nuna irin rawar da 'yan Adam ke takawa a cikin samuwar' yan ƙasa masu alhaki, masu bin tsari da zamantakewar al'umma.

Kamfanin jami'a da ɗaliban abokan ciniki

Fasali na biyu ya mai da hankali ne kan rikice-rikicen da har yanzu ke farkar da ingancin ƙarni na sha tara na "fasaha don fasaha" a cikin zamantakewar yau. Sakamakon haka, ya zama yana da matukar wahala a shawo kan yanayin sauya fasalin jami'o'in zuwa kamfanoni. A cikin irin wannan yanayi, ɗalibai ba tare da damuwa ba suna ɗaukar matsayin abokan cinikin da ke motsa su sama da komai ta hanyar makomar wadata ta gaba.

Don haka, "idan abokin ciniki koyaushe yana da gaskiya", ingancin koyarwar yana bayarwa ga son zuciya na samun digiri a cikin mafi karancin lokacin. Wannan yanayin kuma yana jan hankalin malamai, ya zama kamar ƙananan ofisoshin kayan kasuwanci na kamfanin jami'a. Sakamakon haka, Ordine yana ganin ya zama wajibi a sake fasalin tsarin jami'a da nufin kusan na musamman don samar da "ma'aikata masu amfani."

Kuma zane-zane?

Laura Luque Rodrigo daga Jami'ar Jaén, ta rushe ma'anar ra'ayin Baudelaire da Ordine ya ambata: "mai amfani yana tsoratarwa". A cikin littafinsa (2014) na Muguwar dabaraLuque ta yi tambaya: “Shin wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne mu guje wa mai amfani? Shin dole ne fasaha ta ma'ana ta zama mara amfani don zama kyakkyawa? ”.

Luque yayi jayayya “… cikin tarihi, (art) yana da ayyuka daban-daban, ya kasance na ƙage, ɗaukaka, siyasa, kyan gani kawai, da sauransu. A ƙarshe, to, kowane halitta yana da mai amfani, kodayake sakamakon, abu na ƙarshe, ba shi da sha'awa ga mahaliccin kamar yadda ya faru da Aureliano Buendía, wanda babban amfaninsa shine kwarewa, saboda haka, idan muna so, za mu ko da yaushe sami aiki ga dukan halitta.”

Art da al'adu a lokacin rikici

Nuccio Ordine yana amfani da jimloli daga Henry Newman da Victor Hugo don tunatar da yanke kasafin kuɗi ga batutuwan ɗan adam a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi. Har ila yau, ya nace kan ninka ayyukan don shirye-shiryen al'adu da fasaha a cikin mummunan yanayi. Dangane da haka, marubucin ba ya tunanin kowane tsinkayen koyarwa idan an shirya shi ba tare da manyan malamai ba.

Mallaka tana kashewa: Dignitas hominis, Loveauna, Gaskiya

A kashi na uku na Amfanin mara amfani, Ordine yayi shawara game da tsammanin karya wanda aka samo daga wadata da iko. Yana wakiltar matsayin raini na falsafancin Italiyanci ta fuskar ɗabi'ar waɗanda ke yaba wa wasu dangane da sutura. Hakanan, ɗan falsafan Italiyanci yayi nazarin jigon soyayya da ma'amala tsakanin mutane ta hanyar rashin mallakar abubuwan mallaka.

Tsakanin ikon mai girma hominis, soyayya da gaskiya sune yankin da ya dace don nuna rashin son kai na gaske. Sabili da haka, a cikin ma'aunin Ordine ba shi yiwuwa a nuna godiya ga girmamawa hominis a ƙarƙashin sigogin al'ada na yau. Yana tattare da babban rikici wanda yake kokarin bayyana rashin kyautawa a tsakiyar wata "wayewa" wacce ta kasa karya tsarin jari-hujja daga tsarinta.

Kammalawa da rubutun Ibrahim Flexner a matsayin ƙarin bayani

Tare, bayanin Nuccio Ordine tare da rubutun Flexner yana gayyatar mai karatu ga tunani na dindindin a matsayin hanyar gane mutuncinsu. Yanayin da za'a cimma sai ta hanyar ilimin da aka maida hankali akan cikakken horo, ba tare da son zuciya ko rage kasafin kudi ba wanda (uzurin) lokutan rikici ya haifar. Saboda haka, ya zama dole a sake tunani game da wannan don samun isasshen amsa ga zamaninmu na dijital.

A ƙarshe, Flexner ya buƙaci da a dakatar da sha'awar mutane da nufin inganta "binciken kyauta na ilimi mara amfani". Saboda yana da mahimmanci? Da kyau, a cikin rayuwar da ta gabata ɗan adam ya riga ya nuna sakamako mai mahimmanci na freedomancin kirkirar ɗan adam. Idan wani abu da ake tsammani "bashi da amfani" bashi da lahani, menene amfanin ɗauka shi azaman cutarwa ko haɗari?