Federico García Lorca: fitattun waƙoƙi, rayuwa da aiki

Federico Garcia Lorca.

Federico Garcia Lorca.

Wakokin Federico García Lorca taska ce ta adabi, ɗayan haske mafi haske na haruffa Mutanen Espanya na ƙarni na XNUMX. Duk da kasancewar gajeriyar rayuwa, sunansa ya kasance ɗayan mashahurai tsakanin mawaƙa a tarihin Hispanic.

Marubucin an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuni, 1898, a cikin Fuente de Vaqueros, wani ɗan ƙaramin gari ne a yankin Granada, Andalusia, Masarautar Spain. Iyayensa sune Vicenta Lorca Romero (malamin makaranta) da Federico García Rodríguez (mai ƙasa). Yana da ɗan'uwa, Francisco, da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Conchita da Isabel.

Yaro, samartaka da tafiye-tafiye na karatu

Rayuwa a cikin ƙasar ta nuna yawancin wahayiWannan duk da cewa duk dangin sun ƙaura zuwa garin Granada a cikin 1909, lokacin da Federico ke ɗan shekara goma sha ɗaya. Wannan yunƙurin zai iya shafar shi sosai, kamar yadda daga baya ya sake ba da labari a cikin wani labarin rayuwar mutum game da yanayin karkara na Fuente de Vaqueros.

Da yawa daga cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru (waƙoƙin tsuntsaye, guduna na koguna, ƙanshin ciyawa, ɗanɗanar 'ya'yan itatuwa, hotunan wata ...) ya faɗi daga baya. Bugu da kari, Federico, yaron, ya share damuna da yawa a yankunan karkarar Asquerosa (a halin yanzu Valderrubio). A wannan wurin, kewaye da yanayi, ya rubuta wakokinsa na farko.

Ya kasance yana da ƙwarin gwiwa na kasancewa a karkara, duk da cewa an fassara shi da "mutum ne mai gari." A lokacin samartakarsa, ya fara rikita batun rashin daidaito tsakanin jama'a. A yayin tafiye-tafiyen karatunsa da yawa, ya lura da yadda mazauna birni suka ware talakawa masu "tsarkakakkun zuciya" da "hannayen aiki".

Shahararren marubuci wanda bai gama karatu ba da malamai da suka horar dashi

Ya shiga Jami'ar Granada a cikin 1914, a cikin kwas ɗin da ya ba da izinin shiga digiri na falsafa da haruffa, da kuma doka. Koyaya, a wancan lokacin 'yan uwansa masana sun san shi sosai a matsayin mai kida da waka ba don rubutunsa ba. Ya ɗauki darasin piano tare da Antonio Segura Mesa kuma ya yaba da ƙididdigar Beethoven, Chopin da Debussy, da sauransu.

Federico, matashi, yana son gidan wasan kwaikwayo kuma yakan hadu da ƙungiyar matasa masu ilimi a gidan gahawa "El Rinconcillo". Malaman da suka fi yin tasiri a kansa a lokacin da yake Jami'ar sun kasance Fernando de los Ríos (Kwatancen Dokar Siyasa) da Martín Domínguez Berrueta (Ka'idar Adabi da Arts).

Wakokin farko da aka buga

Tafiya karatun Federico García Lorca ya bashi damar sanin sauran lardunan Spain kuma ya ƙare da ƙarfafa aikinsa a matsayin mawaƙi. Godiya ga taimakon kudi na mahaifinsa, a cikin 1918 ya buga littafinsa na farko na prose da ake kira Hotuna da shimfidar wurare, tattara mafi kyawun shafuka - har zuwa lokacin - inda ya magance matsalolin zamantakewar siyasa da suka dame shi.

A cikin wannan rubutun Ya kuma bayyana rikita rikitar addini da fasaha da kyan gani (Waƙar Gregorian, salon Renaissance, Baroque, mashahurin waƙar waka ...). A cikin 1918 malamin kiɗa ya mutu, lamarin da a ƙarshe ya kai shi ga duniyar waƙa.

Mazaunin Madridaliban Madrid

A cikin 1919 matashin Federico ya ƙaura zuwa Madrid kuma ya zauna — har zuwa 1926 - a cikin Residencia de Estudiantes, inda ya sake saduwa da membobin “El Rinconcillo” da yawa. Wancan shafin yanar gizo ne mai ban mamaki, saboda wurin yayi aiki a matsayin hanyar samar da musayar al'adu tsakanin Mutanen Spain da baƙi, cikakken fili don haɓakar ilimi na García Lorca.

A cikin gidan ya yi abota da marubutan da suka fi dacewa da masu fasaha na wancan lokacin, daga cikinsu Luis Buñuel, Rafael Alberti da Salvador Dalí sun yi fice. Wadanda aka ambata, tare da García Lorca, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas da Gerardo Diego, da za a ambata wasu kadan, bayan wasu shekaru daga baya suka kirkiro wata kungiyar kere kere wacce ake kira da "Zamani na 27".

ma, gidan ya kasance wurin haduwar fitattun masana kimiyya na kasashen waje, mawaka da marubuta kamar: Claudel, Valéry, Cendrans, Max Jabob, Marie Curie, Le Corbusier, Ravel, da sauransu. A rangadin da yake yi a cikin garin ya hadu da daraktocin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Eduardo Marquina da Gregorio Martínez Sierra, da kuma shahararrun masu fasaha irin su Ramón Gómez de la Serna ko Vicente Huidobro.

Salvador Dalí da Federico García Lorca.

Salvador Dalí da Federico García Lorca.

Ganawarsa da malamin da ya mai da shi mawaki

A wancan lokacin García Lorca ya samar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko: Butterfly Hex (Wannan bai samu karbuwa sosai ba). Godiya ga wasikar shawarwarin daga Fernando de los Ríos, a ƙarshen 1919 saurayi Federico ya sadu da Juan Ramón Jiménez, wanda ya zama jagoransa a matsayin mawaƙi kuma babban aboki har karshen rayuwarsa.

Tsakanin 1920 da 1922, García Lorca ya buga wasu ayoyin nasa a cikin sanannun mujallu kamar Spain, Index y Alƙalami. Juan Ramón Jiménez ya ƙarfafa shi ya gyara littafin nasa na waƙoƙi (wanda aka rubuta tun shekara ta 1918) a gidan bugawa na Gabriel García Maroto, kodayake ƙaramar gidan buga littattafai ce, Federico ya iya kula da kansa da dukkan bayanan bugawa, har sai da aka fara aikin a shekarar 1921 .

García Lorca na iya rubutu da rubutu

A lokacin bazara na 1921 ya hadu da Manuel de Falla a Granada, a wancan lokacin rubuta abun da ke ciki na Suites da Poema del cante jondo (buga 1931). Thearshen yana ma'amala da ayyukan wahayi ne daga taƙaitaccen, girma da kuma jigo na wannan ma'anar fasaha ta layi uku ko huɗu.

A 1923 ya kirkira Puan tsana na Blackjack, wani nau'in gidan wasan kwaikwayo na tafiya, wanda ya yi wasan kwaikwayo da shi Yarinyar da take shayar da Basil da kuma yarima mai mamaki. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya kasance kasancewar Falla a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa da mai kida (piano).

García Lorca da aka keɓe shi a cikin adabi ya zo ne a shekarar 1925 tare da wallafa waƙoƙin da ya tara Waƙoƙi. A cikin layi daya, shahararren wasan kwaikwayo a Madrid ta Mariana Pineda ya fito, inda Salvador Dalí ya zana hotunan. Bugu da kari, tare da Dalí ya zagaya yankin Catalonia, kasar da - a cewar Federico da kansa - ya fadada fasahar sa ta kere kere.

1928 ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin lokacin kammala karatun adabin mawaki, a waccan shekarar ce ya nuna ganewarsa tare da shahararrun al'adun zamani, halayen da ya kama a cikin Gypsy soyayya, aikin nasara mai gamsarwa. A 1929 ya halarci Jami'ar Columbia a kan malanta; a cikin yankin Amurka ya sake rubuta wani aikin sa na gaba: Mawaki a New York.

A lokacin 1931 aka kafa Jamhuriyar Sifen ta biyu. Abokinsa Fernando de los Ríos an nada shi Ministan Ilimin Jama'a, wanda kuma, ya nada García Lorca co-darekta na La Barraca (kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na jami'a da ke gabatar da jawabai a lardunan).

A wannan lokacin ya rubuta Bikin Auren Jini, aikin yabo a duniya, da bakarariya y Doña Rosita mai Soltera. Abubuwan da kuke maimaitawa ya kasance jima'i, soyayya, mutuwa da rashin adalci na zamantakewa.

Wakoki daga Federico García Lorca.

Federico García Lorca: Wakoki.

Federico García Lorca: fitattun wakoki

Kirjin mawaki

Ba za ku taɓa fahimtar abin da nake ƙaunarku ba
saboda kuna barci a cikina kuma kuna bacci.
Ina ɓoye ku kuna kuka, an tsananta min
da muryar ƙarfe mai huɗa.

Al'adar da ke motsa nama da taurari iri ɗaya
tuni ya huda kirjina mai ciwo
kuma kalmomin murky sun cije
fikafikan ruhunka mai tsanani.

Ofungiyar mutane suna tsalle a cikin lambuna
jiran jikinki da radadi na
a cikin dawakan haske da koren manes.

Amma ci gaba da barci, ƙaunataccena.
Ji jinina na karye a cikin goge-gogen!
Duba, har yanzu suna zage mu!

Mawaki yayi magana ta waya da soyayya

Muryarki ta shayar da dusar kirji na
a cikin ɗakin katako mai dadi.
Ga kudancin ƙafafuna lokacin bazara ne
kuma zuwa arewacin goshina furen fern.

Pine mai haske ta cikin kunkuntar sarari
raira waƙa ba tare da asuba da shuka ba
kuma kuka na fara a karo na farko
rawanin bege a faɗin rufi.

Murya mai zaki da nesa ta zube ni.
Murya mai zaki da nesa domin ni naji.
Mutuwar murya mara daɗi.

Can nesa kamar barewa mai rauni.
Mai dadi kamar daɗawa a cikin dusar ƙanƙara.
Far kuma mai dadi a cikin bargo tucked!

Long bakan

Tsawon zangon fadakarwar da aka girgiza
iskar dare tana nishi,
bude tsohuwar ciwo da hannu mai toka
kuma yayi tafiyarsa: Ina sa ido ga hakan.

Raunin kauna wanda zai bani rai
jini na har abada da tsarkakakken haske da ke bullowa.
Fasawa wanda Filomela bebe ne
zai sami daji, ciwo da gida mai laushi.

Oh yaya jita-jita mai dadi a kaina!
Zan kwanta kusa da fura mai sauki
inda kyawunki yake yawo babu ruhi.
Ruwan da yake yawo zai zama rawaya,
alhali jinina yana gudana a cikin gandun daji
rigar da wari daga bakin teku.

Yaƙin basasa da aiwatarwa

A cikin watan Janairun 1936 Lorca ya shiga cikin Shahararren Mashahuri, kuma a cikin Yuli Yakin Basasa na Spain ya ɓarke.. Wannan taron ya nuna ƙaura zuwa ga mafi yawan masanan Iberiya. Colombia da Mexico sun ba García Lorca mafakar siyasa, amma ya ƙi barin kasarsa ya koma lardinsa na asali.

Kalmomin daga Federico García Lorca.

Kalmomin daga Federico García Lorca.

A ranar 16 ga Agusta, 1936, an kama shi kuma aka kashe shi ta hanyar umarnin Gwamnan Granada., José Valdez Guzmán, bayan wani korafin da ba a sani ba. An yi imanin cewa gawarsa har yanzu tana cikin babban kabari wanda ke kan hanyar tsakanin Víznar da Alfacar.


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